Evidence - Silk Road Case Archive

Silk Road— Case Archive

Key Evidence (9)

Government Exhibit 1004

Digital Evidence

Government Exhibit 1004 contains a February 5, 2013 Google Chat between Ross Ulbricht and Richard Bates about a Silk Road-related article.

Government Exhibit 502A

Physical Evidence

Government Exhibit 502A consists of two USB thumb drives, with capacities of 4 and 16 gigabytes, recovered from the defendant's residence.

Government Exhibit 936

Digital Evidence

Government Exhibit 936 compiles private messages involving Dread Pirate Roberts and one public forum post, including exchanges about FriendlyChemist's blackmail threats and proposed violence.

Defense Exhibit H

Defense Exhibit H depicts the laptop screen photographed by Christopher Jon Beeson and includes the photograph's metadata.

Government Exhibit 620

Documents & Records

Government Exhibit 620 lists bitcoin transfers that Yum identified from Silk Road server addresses to addresses found on the defendant's laptop.

Government Exhibit 1200

Digital Evidence

Government Exhibit 1200 presents a March 16, 2013 Stack Overflow question about connecting to a Tor hidden service using curl and PHP.

Government Exhibit 200

Physical Evidence

Government Exhibit 200 is the Samsung 700Z laptop identified in Kiernan's and Beeson's testimony.

Government Exhibit 201A

Government Exhibit 201A shows Ulbricht's laptop screen with a Pidgin conversation involving Cirrus and includes photograph metadata.

Government Exhibit 402

Government Exhibit 402 depicts the fronts of nine identification documents photographed by Customs and Border Protection.

Physical Evidence (22)

Government Exhibit 502A — The court admitted the drives without objection during Kiernan's testimony on Day 6, and Beeson testified that he imaged both drives in full. In rebuttal closing argument on Day 11, Howard described one drive found on the defendant's bedside table as containing a September 23, 2013 backup of Silk Road website files and other documents also found on the laptop.

Government Exhibit 200 — Kiernan identified the admitted laptop as a Samsung 700Z during his Day 5 testimony. On Day 6, Beeson recognized its markings and stickers as those of the laptop he had seen Kiernan accessing in a bedroom at the residence.

Actual computer hard drives, identified by the court as materials it did not intend to send to the jury room — During the Day 10 jury-charge discussion, the court substituted actual computer hard drives for seized narcotics as an example of materials it did not intend to send into the jury room.

Collection of seized drug packages shown in boxes — Der-Yeghiayan discussed a collection of seized drug packages shown in boxes and confirmed that he had examined their contents when testifying about quantities. He described comparative analysis and a vendor's confirmation of several packages, while acknowledging the possibility of purchases independent of a marketplace.

Computer — When Dratel asked when material had been placed on the computer, Beeson answered that he had not conducted its forensic examination.

Credit cards used to identify Ross Ulbricht's bedroom — On Day 4 redirect, Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that credit cards and a passport were among the personal effects he used to identify Ulbricht's bedroom.

Defendant's laptop targeted by the plan to obtain an open, logged-in computer before arrest — Der-Yeghiayan described a plan to obtain Ulbricht's laptop while it was logged in and its files remained accessible. He said the team was directed to take the laptop before making the arrest and to allow time for his undercover chat first.

Drugs the government said undercover agents ordered on Silk Road and received by mail — In his Day 1 opening statement, Howard said the government would present evidence that undercover agents ordered drugs through Silk Road and received them in the mail.

Government Exhibit 400 — Critten described nine identification documents using different names and a common birth date, and said he believed their photographs and birth date matched Ulbricht. He testified that the six state IDs failed validation checks, and Government Exhibit 400 was received in evidence on Day 8.

Government Exhibit 603 — Yum identified Government Exhibit 603 as an original hard drive from the Silk Road Marketplace server at IP address 193.107.86.49. The court received the drive in evidence during his Day 9 testimony.

Government Exhibit 605 — Yum identified Government Exhibit 605 as the original hard drive from the bitcoin server at IP address 193.107.86.34. He described generating MD5 and SHA1 values for its copy and verifying that copying produced no errors; the court received the drive and its copying log in evidence on Day 9.

Hard drives shown during trial — In the Day 12 jury instructions, the court said the hard drives shown during trial would not go into the jury room. Jurors could request to see physical evidence by sending a note, with the manner of viewing left for the court to determine.

Laptop discussed during Kiernan's recross-examination about closing it — During Day 6 recross, Kiernan confirmed that he had not closed the laptop and lacked personal knowledge of what would have happened if it had been closed.

Laptop the government said agents seized during Ulbricht's arrest — In opening, Howard said agents seized Ulbricht's laptop before he could close it and would present photographs showing a DPR chat and administrator access. He also previewed a journal, chat logs, operational records and bitcoins worth approximately $18 million at arrest.

Mr. Ulbricht's laptop examined in the library and later in a car — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he saw his recent conversation with DPR displayed on the laptop in the library. He later described examining its browser in a car, seeing the support admin panel and the username Dread Pirate Roberts, which he understood to indicate that someone had signed in under that name.

Mr. Ulbricht's Texas driver's license — On Day 8 cross-examination, Critten said Ulbricht produced his Texas driver's license during a voluntary interview. Critten testified that a record check and photograph verified the license.

Nine fake IDs referenced in Turner's questions; Davis denied being told about ordering them — During Day 10 cross-examination, Davis said Ulbricht had never told him that he ordered nine fake IDs. His answer addressed disclosure to Davis, not the truth of the question's premise.

Phoney IDs that Dratel said were delivered to Ross from Silk Road — In his Day 1 opening statement, Dratel said investigators confronted Ulbricht about phoney IDs delivered from Silk Road. He argued that Ulbricht's willingness to speak with investigators and his asserted failure to flee, move bitcoins or destroy laptop material were inconsistent with the government's portrayal of DPR.

Seized drugs and envelopes maintained by HSI — Der-Yeghiayan testified that envelopes seized from incoming mail at O'Hare contained drugs including ecstasy, LSD and amphetamines. He said the pictured envelopes represented seizures from one day and described that quantity as fairly standard early in the investigation.

Thumb drive containing site material — In closing argument, Dratel referred to a thumb drive said to contain the entire site and questioned why the material would also be kept on the laptop. He described the drive's date as about ten days old and argued that its contents had been received by Ulbricht rather than backed up from his computer.

Thumb drive devices seized from the defendant's residence, discussed as the subject of anticipated authentication testimony — During a Day 5 discussion, Howard said Gregory Fine would testify about the seizure of thumb drives from Ulbricht's residence and authenticate the devices. Howard separately said Kiernan would testify about recovered files; the exchange described anticipated testimony, not completed authentication.

Photographs (38)

Government Exhibit 130 — The photograph shows handwritten ratings calculations and a telephone number labeled Danielle, which Gary Luis Alford located in Google Voice records associated with Mr. Ulbricht. Jared Der-Yeghiayan associated the rating terminology with DPR's discussions about revising Silk Road's buyer-rating system, although the notes did not mention Silk Road or illegal drugs. The court admitted the exhibit and instructed that it showed words appearing on the pages, not the truth of the information.

Defense Exhibit G — Thomas Kiernan identified the photograph as one he took near the time of the defendant's arrest on October 1, 2013, showing a BitTorrent client and an incomplete Colbert Report download. During Christopher Jon Beeson's cross-examination, counsel compared the uploaded-data figure in Exhibit G with 26.1 MB in Beeson's photograph; Beeson said the blurry figure in G looked as though it could be 8.35 MB.

Defense Exhibit H — Beeson initially could not confirm that he had taken the photograph, but identified it on Day 7 with accompanying metadata. He could read the Colbert Report label but could not identify the application with certainty. He testified that the displayed October 1, 2013, time of 7:56 p.m. was 40 minutes slow, placing the photograph at 8:36 p.m. San Francisco time.

Government Exhibit 201L — The photograph shows the Silk Road mastermind page with staff names, escrow and account balances, and a cold BTC entry of 144,336.40. Thomas Kiernan testified that he reached the page by clicking the browser's back button again. Ilhwan Yum identified the image as the defendant's laptop screen on the day of arrest.

Government Exhibit 128C — Jared Der-Yeghiayan used the photograph to indicate where he was seated when he saw Ulbricht enter the library. Thomas Kiernan identified the bench across from the cafe where he waited with an undercover before entering the library.

Government Exhibit 128H — The photograph shows the table by the window that Thomas Kiernan identified as Ulbricht's arrest location. Kiernan remembered Ulbricht seated like the person pictured, while documents presented on cross-examination described Ulbricht facing the window with his back to Kiernan. Kiernan did not deny making that statement but qualified his acknowledgment because he was uncertain about the documents.

Government Exhibit 201A — Thomas Kiernan's BlackBerry photograph shows a Pidgin chat with Cirrus, which he identified as an undercover account, on Ulbricht's laptop. The second page includes metadata reflecting the phone's Eastern Time setting and a displayed time converted by subtracting three hours. On cross-examination, Kiernan agreed that the metadata's time zone did not reflect his location in San Francisco.

Government Exhibit 201J — Jared Der-Yeghiayan testified that the photograph showed the computer logged in as dread at the staff chat's dot-onion address. Thomas Kiernan identified the displayed Pidgin login account and an avatar associated with the Dread Pirate Roberts account on Silk Road.

Government Exhibit 201K — The photograph shows the support administration panel that appeared after Thomas Kiernan navigated back from the flagged-message page. Jared Der-Yeghiayan identified the panel as the one he used to access messages he moderated.

Government Exhibit 201M — The photograph shows the Silk Road support landing page with Dread Pirate Roberts displayed as the username. Jared Der-Yeghiayan said he reached the page by using the browser's back button on Ulbricht's computer and understood the name to indicate that someone had signed in using it. Thomas Kiernan testified that the name was used to access the support and mastermind pages.

Government Exhibit 401 — Dylan Critten testified that Customs and Border Protection took the photograph and that the envelope was addressed to Andrew Ford at 2260 15th Avenue in San Francisco, California. On cross-examination, he confirmed that the envelope displayed a Vancouver, Canada return address.

Government Exhibit 402 — Critten identified the Customs and Border Protection photograph as accurately depicting the fronts of nine intercepted identification documents, and the court admitted it on Day 8. On Day 9, Shaw compared the photographed IDs with jurisdictions listed in private messages requesting IDs.

128B — Der-Yeghiayan testified on Day 2 that the photograph accurately depicted the area he had described, although he had not taken it, and the court admitted it without objection.

128C — Der-Yeghiayan identified the San Francisco locations in the photograph after describing Ulbricht's departure from Cafe Bello and entry into the library.

319 — Alford identified the photograph's Facebook album as Thailand, February 2012, and described the surroundings as appearing to be jungles and beaches.

8-by-10 photograph of the California driver license document shown to Ulbricht during the visit — Critten testified on Day 8 that he showed Ulbricht the photograph first after Ulbricht agreed to speak with the agents and stepped onto the front porch.

Government Exhibit 100A — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he took the photographs, and the court received Government Exhibit 100A in evidence on Day 1.

Government Exhibit 100C — Der-Yeghiayan identified the pictured packages as ones he recovered from Netherlands mail at the mail unit, and the court received the photograph on Day 1.

Government Exhibit 102B — The photograph shows an envelope seized from Netherlands mail and drugs beside Der-Yeghiayan's computer while he was logged into Silk Road. He testified that the seized drugs tested positive for LSD and compared them with drugs advertised on Silk Road.

Government Exhibit 104 — Der-Yeghiayan testified that the pictured boxes held envelopes seized from October 2011 through April 2013, with approximately 100 or more envelopes in each box.

Government Exhibit 128D — Der-Yeghiayan identified the exterior after describing his entry into the library upon finishing a chat with Dread Pirate Roberts, and the court received the photograph on Day 3.

Government Exhibit 128F — Der-Yeghiayan described stairs immediately to the right of the entrance leading up to the patron area, and the court received the photograph on Day 3.

Government Exhibit 128G — Kiernan identified the photograph as the second-floor entrance to the main library section that he reached after going upstairs, and the court admitted it without objection on Day 5.

Government Exhibit 130A — Der-Yeghiayan described the residence as a multifamily home during testimony about executing a search warrant on Day 3.

Government Exhibit 134 — Der-Yeghiayan identified a Dominica entry stamp dated November 15, 2012, and an exit stamp dated December 4, 2012, when the photographs were displayed on Day 3.

Government Exhibit 201B through 201G — The court admitted the six laptop photographs during Kiernan's Day 5 testimony. Kiernan explained that each exhibit included photograph metadata on its second page, with camera times expressed in Eastern rather than Pacific Time.

Government Exhibit 201G — During cross-examination on Day 8, Alford acknowledged that the blurred avatar at the bottom right depicted a masked figure with a sword.

Government Exhibit 201H — Der-Yeghiayan testified that the chats were identical except for their colors and the use of me instead of dread on the photographed screen. The username cirrus appeared in both.

Government Exhibit 201I — During his Day 3 testimony, Jared Der-Yeghiayan said the photograph accurately reflected the screen he remembered seeing, although he had not taken it. He confirmed that Ulbricht's computer displayed the same post he had directed DPR to view, and the court received the photograph without objection.

Government Exhibit 272 — The court admitted the photograph over objection during Thomas Kiernan's Day 5 testimony and later upheld its admission under Rule 403 as relevant and not unduly prejudicial. The court also found it properly authenticated but did not identify the bags' contents.

Government Exhibit 501A — Beeson identified the open browser session during his Day 6 testimony and explained that the photograph's camera metadata was about 40 minutes slow.

Government Exhibit 501B — Beeson identified the photograph on Day 6 as the lower half of the browser window shown in Exhibit 501A and explained that its camera metadata was about 40 minutes slow.

Government Exhibit 501C — Beeson identified the photograph as an open chat session during his Day 6 testimony and explained that its camera metadata was about 40 minutes slow.

Government Exhibit 501D — Beeson took the photograph for his notes while attempting to copy the laptop. He interpreted the terminal prompt as showing the Frosty user logged into a computer named Frosty, without identifying the person using that account. He also explained that the camera metadata was about 40 minutes slow.

Government Exhibit 602 — During his Day 9 testimony, Ilhwan Yum confirmed that the sticker's IP address and ggb designation matched information in a spreadsheet on Ulbricht's computer.

Government Exhibit 701 — Duch described an Express Mail envelope, moisture barrier bags, a hair towel and individual bags of heroin in the photographs. He explained that moisture barrier bags could help prevent detection of the drugs by smell.

Laptop-screen photographs the government said would show a DPR chat and administrator access — In his Day 1 opening statement, Howard said photographs taken shortly after Ulbricht's arrest would show a chat with the undercover agent, a Dread Pirate Roberts login, and access to the Silk Road mastermind control panel.

Photographs of the laptop screen following the arrest — In his Day 11 closing argument, Turner described Kiernan photographing the laptop screen about a minute after the arrest signal, with the chat visible where the discussion had stopped. He noted that Kiernan's BlackBerry was set to Eastern Time.

Video Evidence (6)

Government Exhibit 107 — Jared Der-Yeghiayan demonstrated access to a hidden service through Tor and compared the IP addresses displayed through Tor and a regular browser. The video used another hidden service because Silk Road had already been shut down, and the court received the exhibit and permitted it to be played.

Government Exhibit 1103 — The video used created accounts and separate computers to demonstrate malware delivery and the capture of keystrokes, login credentials, and screenshots, rather than an actual victim's experience. The court received it for demonstrative purposes without objection.

Government Exhibit 133B — The video showed how to sign a message, verify its signature, and detect an alteration through failed verification. Der-Yeghiayan also used the same public key to verify selected Dread Pirate Roberts posts dated from June 2011 through May 2013.

Government Exhibit 960 — Shaw demonstrated joining message and user tables to resolve account identifiers into usernames and retrieving messages sent from the Dread Pirate Roberts account to the Inigo account. The court received the video only for demonstrative purposes.

Government Exhibit 961 — Shaw said the video would aid his testimony, and the court received it only for demonstrative purposes without defense objection on that basis.

Video created by D'Agostino — D'Agostino testified that he had created the video within the preceding week or so.

Audio Evidence (3)

Government Exhibit 1005 — Bates testified that he had listened to the recording the previous day and initialed and dated the CD. The audio was played and replayed, but the transcript does not reproduce the voicemail's words.

Audio recording involving Duch's supplier — Asked whether he had made tapes of his supplier to incriminate him, Duch first said he believed an audio recording had been made, then confirmed that he had participated in making it.

Voicemail referenced by Bates as illustrating Ulbricht's stress — Asked whether Ulbricht had become increasingly stressed in the first half of 2011, Bates said there were times when Ulbricht seemed stressed and pointed to the voicemail.

Digital Evidence (335)

Government Exhibit 129C — Jared Der-Yeghiayan identified Government Exhibit 129C as his October 1, 2013 chat log with Dread Pirate Roberts, and the court received it without objection on Day 2. The exchange included a request to check a flagged message and DPR's response that he needed to log in; later questioning distinguished chat availability from a Silk Road marketplace login. Der-Yeghiayan testified that he received no further DPR replies after Ulbricht's arrest and that the conversation matched the chat on Ulbricht's computer, apart from the label for DPR and the display colors.

Government Exhibit 1004 — Ulbricht expressed relief that Silk Road was no longer his problem, described past stress and regret, and asked Bates to keep his involvement secret. Bates interpreted the exchange as indicating that Ulbricht was no longer working on the site. The exhibit was admitted without objection on Day 6.

Government Exhibit 127 — The message provides instructions for joining staff chat and adding DPR's dread contact. Der-Yeghiayan identified the same username on Ulbricht's laptop, and Kiernan testified that the instructions matched the laptop's XMPP.txt file except that the message had completed username and password fields. The court described Exhibit 127 as not offered for the truth of its statements or, alternatively, covered by the coconspirator hearsay exception.

Government Exhibit 150 — The page displays domain-history information, including a March 12, 2011 entry listing Richard Page and registrant contact details. Der-Yeghiayan testified that the earlier registration was not renewed and someone else subsequently bought the domain.

Government Exhibit 935 — The correspondence discusses ID security features, possible use for domestic flights or police stops, ordering arrangements, and shipping delays. Shaw testified that the requested jurisdictions matched those of the nine IDs photographed in Exhibit 402; his comparison addressed jurisdictions, not the purchaser's identity. On Day 10, the court allowed the messages to be read but did not permit Shaw to interpret them.

Government Exhibit 936 — Shaw described the admitted compilation as private messages involving the Dread Pirate Roberts account from marketplace and forum databases, plus one public forum post; blue entries identified forum-backup material, not necessarily public posts. The correspondence includes FriendlyChemist's threats to expose customer and vendor identities, DPR's discussions with redandwhite about payments for killings, and redandwhite's claims that requested acts were completed. An admitted stipulation stated that Canadian authorities had no records of the specified homicides or other evidence of resulting physical harm.

240-A — The journal describes a project initially called Underground Brokers, later named Silk Road, and a plan to produce mushrooms in a cabin laboratory near Bastrop for sale on the site. During cross-examination, Dratel read additional passages about a rental-house sale, trading, Good Wagon Books, and personal relationships.

Government Exhibit 1000 — The court admitted the chat on Day 6 and explained that Bates had sufficiently authenticated it; its contents were either not offered for their truth or, where offered for their truth, admissions by Ulbricht. On cross-examination, Bates said he believed the Perl discussions concerned Good Wagon Books and identified no technical connection to Silk Road.

Government Exhibit 1002 — The conversation covers hiring at Good Wagon Books before turning to Silk Road publicity and requests to keep Ulbricht's involvement secret. Bates explained that he proposed TorChat for secure, private communication rather than continuing over Google Chat.

Government Exhibit 149 — The public instructional page describes Silk Road, lists drug offerings, discusses Tor and bitcoin, and carries a message signed Silk Road staff. The court initially received the exhibit on Day 4 subject to connection. On Day 5, the court received it following a defense stipulation limited to how the page appeared on archive.org at the time.

Government Exhibit 225B — In the recovered chat, DPR asserted that there was nothing usable on scout's laptop and that properly obscuring bitcoins would prevent tracing them back to DPR. He described watching a user log in and work as the realistic means of proof and acknowledged that someone could stand behind the user unnoticed.

Government Exhibit 264 — The spreadsheet lists server aliases, hosting and login details, IP addresses, locations, uses and notes. The highlighting displayed at trial was added by the government and was not present in the original file. Yum confirmed that the IP address and ggb alias on a server sticker matched the spreadsheet, and he testified that the server contained what appeared to be Silk Road Marketplace backup files.

Government Exhibit 275 — The file includes entries listing personal information about Xin Cho Tuay and Andrew Lawsry. The court admitted it on Day 5, when the government deferred publication. On Day 10, those entries were displayed alongside messages attributed to Dread Pirate Roberts and redandwhite.

Previously admitted 2011 journal entry describing programming Silk Road and launching it on freedomhosting — The journal entry on the defendant's computer recounts programming Silk Road while working on Good Wagon Books and launching the site on freedomhosting. Additional passages read during cross-examination describe code flaws, the absence of commissions initially, and transaction-processing losses followed by a rewrite of the processor.

Defense Exhibit M — Prince identified market rewrite as a laptop text file containing a list of website-development tasks, and the court admitted it as Defense Exhibit M. Alford had previously said he did not recognize the document.

Government Exhibit 1001 — Bates identified the February 28, 2011 conversation and confirmed that baronsyntax represented him and me represented Ulbricht. The court received the exhibit and later explained that the chat series was authenticated and contained either material not offered for its truth or admissions by Ulbricht.

Government Exhibit 1006 — Bates identified the conversation as a Google chat following a voicemail about Silk Road being down. The court admitted the chat over renewed objections and later explained that the series contained material not offered for its truth or admissions by Ulbricht.

Government Exhibit 116B — The screenshot advertises a hacking pack with more than 150 tools and programs, including software described as malware. The court admitted it during Der-Yeghiayan's testimony, and Alford later identified it as the listing for his purchase.

Government Exhibit 1200 — Miller identified the March 16, 2013 post and its displayed username, frosty, and the court admitted the exhibit over hearsay and authentication objections. The question describes a hostname-resolution problem when using PHP and curl to reach a Tor hidden service.

Government Exhibit 131 — Der-Yeghiayan identified screenshots he took on October 6, 2013 of DPR's earlier forum discussions about feedback and buyer-rating changes. The examination addressed posts from August and September 2013, including rating weights and bar-chart displays.

Government Exhibit 226D — Howard read previously admitted portions of the chat on Day 6. A December 9, 2011 exchange describes two contacts who believed the site had been sold, and a January 15, 2012 exchange discusses changing the Admin name to Dread Pirate Roberts.

Government Exhibit 228 — Bates identified his messages as r and Ulbricht's as myself. He explained that the October 6 reference to the site meant Silk Road and discussed Ulbricht receiving a percentage of transactions; the October 11 exchange included plans to meet about their bitcoin-exchange project.

Government Exhibit 306 — Alford confirmed that the October 11, 2011 Altoid post sought an IT person for a bitcoin startup and supplied rossulbricht@gmail.com as contact information. He distinguished the date displayed on the post from his later collection of the screenshot.

Government Exhibit 317 — Alford described a May 2, 2013 email from Ulbricht containing a screenshot with a smed conversation and an mg tab. Turner compared the mg reference with a laptop entry about Pidgin chats, while cross-examination addressed an avatar and the unidentified operator of a background window.

Government Exhibit 331 — Alford identified messages from Ulbricht's Facebook account, including a February 8, 2013 message to Allison about going camping that weekend. A stipulation described recipient and author usernames, sending dates and times, deletion status, and message bodies.

Government Exhibit 340A — Alford identified the screenshot as the vendor's response to the hacking-pack order, containing three purchase links and additional free links. The vendor cautioned that not every program would work. Alford did not open the links, while D'Agostino later testified that the first three were active download links.

Government Exhibit 500 — Beeson identified the hard drive as containing consolidated search data, including a complete copy of the laptop's unencrypted Linux partition and images of two USB thumb drives. The court received Exhibit 500 and explained that the testimony sufficiently authenticated it, while allowing reconsideration if later testimony undermined that foundation.

Government Exhibit 601 — The screenshot presents an address history with six transactions, total receipts of 7,225 bitcoins, and a zero balance. Yum used the March 31, 2013 transfer of 1,670 bitcoins from four addresses to one address to explain how transaction details appear on the blockchain.

Government Exhibit 603A — Yum explained that the log lists MD5 and SHA1 hashes calculated for the marketplace-server image and reports zero copying errors. During cross-examination, Shaw confirmed that its displayed creation date was October 8, 2013 and described an image as a snapshot of the computer at that time.

Government Exhibit 630 — The exhibit combines blockchain details with laptop address-list screenshots for the March 31, 2013 transfer of 1,670 bitcoins from four addresses to one destination. Yum testified that all four sending addresses and their private keys were present in the wallet on Ulbricht's laptop.

Government Exhibit 631 — The exhibit combines blockchain details with laptop address-list screenshots for the April 8, 2013 transfer of 3,000 bitcoins from three addresses to one destination. Yum testified that all three sending addresses and the private keys permitting the transfer were present in the wallet on Ulbricht's laptop.

Government Exhibit 901 — Shaw testified that access through the SSH keys permitted broad server control, while the database required separate authentication. He agreed that a key ending in frosty@frosty could be generated on any computer, did not know whether that ending was a comment field, and did not know the authorized key's earlier contents.

Government Exhibit 940E — Brian Shaw described database totals of over 53,000 heroin transactions, 82,582 cocaine transactions, 34,689 methamphetamine transactions and 54,567 LSD transactions. The court received the chart over objection.

RAM capture — Beeson agreed that the full range of contemporaneous computer activity could no longer be reconstructed through the RAM capture, while qualifying his answers about internet connections and possible malware or viruses. He also testified that this limitation did not prevent examination of computer content from years earlier.

"aliases" file and "info" text document on Ross Ulbricht's computer — Der-Yeghiayan testified that files named aliases and info contained the same Richard Page name, address and telephone number he had examined elsewhere. He also described apparent names, passwords and usernames for AutoVPS and KalyHost, and, he believed, gawab.

116B — During Day 3 cross-examination, Der-Yeghiayan discussed an RAT in Exhibit 116B and described a trojan as software that could conceal itself and potentially permit remote operation. The court had overruled the defense's hearsay and conspiracy objections to the screenshot on Day 2.

121A — Der-Yeghiayan identified Exhibit 121A as a screenshot from an account he took over on May 1, 2013, and pointed to the seller link at the bottom of the account links. The court received the exhibit without objection on Day 2.

123 — Der-Yeghiayan identified Exhibit 123 as DPR's Silk Road forum profile and corrected its capture date and time to May 9, 2013, at 5:17 a.m. UTC. He also discussed the user-selected signature and its relationship to mises.org.

123A — The court received Exhibit 123A without objection on Day 2. Der-Yeghiayan then confirmed that the profile's signature linked to mises.org.

125A — The June 18, 2011 post described a separate forum server, claimed that backups had been restored and announced a four-day grace period for order resolution. Der-Yeghiayan identified it as the account's first forum post, and the court received Exhibit 125A on Day 2.

125B — A January 31, 2012 post announced plans for an identity separate from the site and enterprise, and another post approximately six days later revealed the new name. Jared Der-Yeghiayan testified that the forum account thereafter appeared as Dread Pirate Roberts.

125C — The posts include a July 22, 2011 maintenance notice and later updates attributing service problems to a homepage feedback display that consumed server resources and reporting that removing it appeared to fix the problem.

125G — The post appeared in a forum restricted to verified vendors and described demotions for requesting direct payment, bypassing escrow, and scamming customers by asking them to finalize early.

125H — The post announced listings for forged government-issued documents, including IDs and passports, while prohibiting forged privately issued documents and continuing the ban on counterfeit currency.

125J — The reply in the State of the Road Address thread responded to criticism of the shift from fixed to tiered commissions, cited the work and risks of operating the site, and asserted the author's authority over its rules.

125K — The response said the new policies did not affect bitcoin exchangers and that sellers using Silk Road to reach customers owed a commission. Jared Der-Yeghiayan distinguished paperchasing's quoted comment from Dread Pirate Roberts' response. The court initially received the exhibit subject to clarification of the speakers, then confirmed receipt after Turner narrowed his focus to the response rather than the quoted comment.

125L — Der-Yeghiayan identified the screenshot as one he took on October 6, 2013. The post expresses affection for the community, refers to leading an international narcotics organization, and says the group had been operating for over a year.

126A — Jared Der-Yeghiayan testified that the exchange predated his takeover of the cirrus account in late July 2013 and that the reply from cirrus was written by the previous account holder.

126C — The screenshot presents roughly two months of receipts for the cirrus marketplace account. Der-Yeghiayan identified an eight-bitcoin admin credit as salary worth roughly $1,000 and recalled that its notes contained Dread Pirate Roberts' user number.

126D — Jared Der-Yeghiayan testified that he sent the message from his cirrus forum account. His thanks for bitcoins received a reply thanking him for looking after the forums.

127 — The July 20, 2013 message directs cirrus to install Pidgin and add DPR as a chat contact. Der-Yeghiayan testified that the message predated his takeover of the account and enabled him to configure a separate Tor-based staff-chat system.

127A — Jared Der-Yeghiayan described a full-screen screenshot with the forum page in the background, DPR's chat profile on the right, and a partly transparent buddy list of Silk Road staff on the left.

127B — Der-Yeghiayan identified the log as his exchange with Dread Pirate Roberts after explaining that Adium automatically saved chats. The court received Exhibit 127B over a defense objection and later stated that it was not offered for the truth of its statements.

127C — Der-Yeghiayan dated the chat in UTC and described DPR granting him administrative-panel access and explaining how to moderate new marketplace posts. The court received the exhibit over a defense objection and later stated that it was not offered for the truth of its statements.

127D — Der-Yeghiayan identified the screenshot as the panel he reached after logging in, with options he had not seen before. The court received the exhibit over a hearsay objection and later stated that it was not offered for the truth of its statements.

127E — Der-Yeghiayan testified that the page appeared after he clicked the posts option in Silk Road's new messaging system, and the court received the screenshot without objection on Day 2.

127F — Der-Yeghiayan identified the page as an example of the discussion board attached to each marketplace vendor; the court received the screenshot over a hearsay objection on Day 2.

129A — DPR's profile displayed a sign-off 16 seconds earlier, according to Der-Yeghiayan. The court received the screenshot over a defense objection and later found it appropriately authenticated.

129B — Der-Yeghiayan testified that the profile status changed to available and its displayed time zone returned toward Pacific time. The court received the screenshot without objection on Day 2.

129D — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he captured the flagged-message window separately later that evening. The court received the screenshot without objection on Day 2.

132 — Der-Yeghiayan explained that the support link led to frequently asked questions and direct customer-support contact through tickets, while the greeting link opened a separate message for users.

133 — The profile stated that the public key could verify messages signed by the Silk Road administrator Dread Pirate Roberts. The court received the screenshot on Day 2, but separately struck an answer about what PGP verification assured because of a foundation objection.

144,000 bitcoins described as seized from Mr. Ulbricht's laptop — During cross-examination, Der-Yeghiayan confirmed the figure of 144,000 bitcoins seized from Ulbricht's laptop. He also agreed with counsel's stated valuation of $29 million at the time of seizure.

212A — During his Day 11 closing argument, Dratel questioned how the displayed timestamp could be explained given the arrest time he described as approximately 3 p.m. Pacific time that day.

224 — During Alford's Day 7 testimony, Turner read selected October 30 and December 15, 2011 exchanges about upcoming travel, responsibility for servers, temporary unavailability and payment to h7.

226H — The February 7 exchange proposed using many servers and transactions to frustrate regression analysis and discussed finding a statistician. The February 13 exchange relayed a conversation asking a statistics acquaintance about leading statisticians and consultation.

226I — The selected exchanges describe relaxing surroundings and time spent at beaches and jungles, alongside statements about tracking site income and expenses and reporting user totals. Turner read the excerpts during Alford's Day 7 testimony.

227C — The passages read on Day 10 include Myself's reports of more than 700 unique sellers each week in October 2012 and 10,000 unique customers in the preceding week on January 29, 2013.

227D — In passages read on Day 10, Myself described threats to release user addresses, claimed payment to hunt down the blackmailer, and relayed a report that lucydrop had been killed. Myself also relayed an accusation that tony76 had orchestrated the scheme.

232A — Counsel examined the chat's distinction between real life and online activity on Day 6, but the court allowed Kiernan to explain an abbreviation only as he understood it, not to interpret the writers' intentions.

232C — Myself told DA that early Silk Road publicity included a Bitcoin Talk thread and a WordPress blog with instructions, both quickly removed, followed by word of mouth and public relations.

240C — The passage described going out with Jessica, telling her the writer had secrets, and regretting the writer's readiness to trust others.

241 — The March 25–27, 2013 entries describe a denial-of-service attack, migration to a new server, private guard nodes, and further server setup.

301 — Alford testified on Day 7 that he used date-restricted Google searches to look for early public references that could direct users to Silk Road's hidden service; the court admitted the exhibit without objection.

302 — The quoted January 29, 2011 post described Silk Road as an anonymous marketplace using bitcoin and Tor and directed readers to an onion address and a WordPress access guide.

303 — The parties stipulated that the screenshot accurately depicted the page as it appeared on February 4, 2011; the page gave Tor access instructions and advertised marijuana, mushrooms, and MDMA.

304 — Alford testified on Day 7 that he found the posting while searching for the Silk Road WordPress site, and the court received the exhibit.

305 — Alford testified that Altoid registered the shroomery.org account and posted the message on January 27, 2011, directing readers to SilkRoad420.wordpress.com.

306 — The screenshot contains the Altoid posts Alford could retrieve from bitcointalk.org, including an October 11, 2011 recruitment post listing rossulbricht@gmail.com. Alford testified that he later obtained a search warrant for that email account, and the court admitted the exhibit without objection.

318 — The January 27, 2012 update announced that Ulbricht was in Thailand and described leaving cold Hanoi for a warm beach. The court received the exhibit over an objection.

603 — During direct testimony on Day 9, Shaw recognized the exhibit by his initials and explained that he analyzed a copy of the server image rather than files on the server itself.

604 — Shaw identified the exhibit during direct testimony on Day 9 and said that he reviewed a copy of the image. He recognized the exhibit by his initials.

900A — Shaw took the screenshot of MD5 and SHA1 values and testified that he believed it concerned the server hosting the web server and Marketplace. The court admitted the screenshot without objection.

900B — Shaw identified the screenshot as showing MD5 and SHA1 values for the server hosting Marketplace backup data. He testified that the values matched the original log files, indicating no change between the original and the copy he received.

901 — The screenshot displays the primary Marketplace server's authorized_keys file, including frosty@frosty and root/BCW entries and a March 26, 2013 modification date. Although Shaw initially described frosty@frosty as identifying the originating username and computer, he agreed on cross-examination that a key with that ending could be generated on any computer.

910 — Shaw recreated the website from server files on a computer isolated from networks. The screenshot displays product listings and a greeting to FBINY, an account he created for the screenshots that had not existed before the reconstruction.

911 — Shaw testified that the page displayed products offered for sale under the drugs label and that he took the screenshot. The court received it over a renewed objection.

911A — Shaw identified the page as a cocaine-listing subcategory within drugs and stimulants. The court received the screenshot with Exhibits 911A through 911D over renewed objections.

911B — During direct testimony on Day 9, Shaw identified the page as a heroin subcategory within drugs. The court received the screenshot as part of Exhibits 911A through 911D over renewed objections.

911C — Brian Shaw identified the screenshot as the page reached through the LSD link. The court received it with Government Exhibits 911A through 911D over renewed objections.

911D — Shaw identified a top listing advertising 3.5 grams of pure crystal methamphetamine. The court received the screenshot with Government Exhibits 911A through 911D over renewed objections.

913 — Brian Shaw identified listings for Ohio and Illinois IDs on the page. The court admitted the screenshot with Exhibit 914 over a hearsay objection.

914 — Brian Shaw identified listings advertising European Union, United States and United Kingdom passports. The court admitted the screenshot with Exhibit 913 over a hearsay objection.

915A through 915G — Shaw described screenshots of offerings under the fake IDs and fake passports categories, including Tennessee and New South Wales driving licenses and a forged Social Security card. The court admitted the set over renewed objections concerning the truth of the listings.

916A through 916Z — Shaw identified the set as Silk Road listings advertising hacking tools and services, and the court admitted it over renewed objections. Selected listings advertised an Android remote-access tool, an email account cracker and contacts offering account-cracking services; the advertisements did not themselves establish those capabilities.

917 — Brian Shaw testified that clicking the money link opened a page of money-related listings and that he took the screenshot. The court received Exhibit 917 over the renewed objection.

917A through 917F — Shaw identified screenshots of separate money-related offerings, including an advertised anonymous debit card, a Green Dot Moneypak and a bitcoin-laundering service. The court received the set over hearsay objections; the listings did not themselves establish completed transactions or the accuracy of sellers' claims.

918 — The page directed users to consult the FAQ, search or post in the forum, and open a support ticket before contacting support as a last resort. The court admitted the screenshot after Howard stated that it was not offered for the truth of its contents.

919 — Shaw testified that only the Dread Pirate Roberts account among those tested could access the Mastermind page. His FBI NY account and the Inigo, Libertas and Cirrus accounts could not access it, and the court admitted the screenshot over the renewed objection.

A second administrative SSH key that the defense argued provided server access separate from frosty — During Day 10 procedural discussion, Dratel argued that Shaw's testimony showed a second administrative SSH key giving someone access to the server separately from frosty, even assuming frosty was Ulbricht.

Archived silkroadmarket.org page — Der-Yeghiayan described silkroadmarket.org as a single page on the ordinary Internet that explained how to reach Silk Road on Tor. He said he believed the page stopped operating in April 2012.

Arrest-team email chain carrying Tarbell's instructions and arrest signal — Der-Yeghiayan testified that Tarbell emailed instructions to take the laptop before making the arrest and to allow time for an undercover chat. He also described Tarbell's emailed arrest signal; the court allowed that testimony after he explained that he was on the email chain.

Asset spreadsheet listing a $104 million Silk Road valuation, Good Wagon Books employment, and USAA and PayPal balances — In rebuttal closing, Howard described a spreadsheet listing Silk Road at a value of $104 million to the defendant alongside Good Wagon Books employment and USAA and PayPal balances. He argued that the personal financial details matched other evidence.

backup.tar.gz.gpg, an encrypted thumb-drive file containing older versions of files found in the laptop's home/frosty/backup directory — Kiernan testified that he opened the encrypted file using a password found on the defendant's laptop and found older versions of files from the laptop's backup directory.

Bitcoin addresses from Silk Road servers and the defendant's laptop, compared through public blockchain records in Yum's analysis — In rebuttal closing, Howard described Yum's comparison of bitcoin addresses from Silk Road servers and the defendant's laptop using public blockchain records. He said the analysis traced more than 700,000 bitcoins through more than 4,000 direct transfers during a year from Silk Road to addresses associated with the laptop.

Bitcoin wallets, addresses, and transaction analysis — In closing argument, Dratel distinguished bitcoin addresses found on Ulbricht's laptop from proven ownership and questioned the difference between incoming transfers and the remaining balance. He argued that no outgoing-funds analysis or evidence of Ulbricht cashing out had been presented.

Bitcoin-analysis program and supporting computer files — Yum described an automated Python-based process for matching transaction data and identified the program's logic and supporting computer files as his notes. He explained that the tracing under discussion ran from Silk Road to the laptop; the files themselves were not reviewed during this examination.

Bitcoins the government said were on the laptop and worth approximately $18 million at arrest — In his Day 1 opening statement, Howard said Ulbricht's laptop contained bitcoins worth approximately $18 million at arrest. He described those holdings as profits accumulated through Silk Road commissions.

bitcointalk.org posts attributed to Altoid — Turner described a surviving quotation of a deleted January 2011 Altoid post publicizing Silk Road and a later Altoid post giving Ulbricht's email address. He said Agent Alford used the posts to trace the username to Ulbricht.

BitTorrent settings and the home/frosty/downloads folder on the defendant's computer — Kiernan testified that BitTorrent's settings directed files to home/frosty/downloads, which contained movies, books, and similar material, but none of the files admitted during his direct examination.

Chat concerning the key identifying question, which the court said had not been found and the defense described as an unsaved Pidgin chat — During Day 11 evidentiary discussion, the court distinguished the missing identifying-question exchange from a recovered October 16, 2012 chat about a book recommendation. Dratel described the missing exchange as a Pidgin chat that was not saved, while the court noted that some chats existed.

Chats that Dratel said would show DPR's concern about security and law enforcement — In his Day 1 opening statement, Dratel said chats would show DPR's exceptional concern about security, law enforcement infiltration, and attempts to identify him.

Chats with programmers and customer-support staff, cited by Turner to support the existence of more than five supervised individuals — During argument on the defense motion for acquittal, Turner cited chats with programmers h7 and smed and other customer-support staff. He argued that the different accounts and roles provided evidence of distinct individuals even without their true identities.

Clear database used to check the registration address and telephone number — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he checked the silkroadmarket.org registration address and telephone number using Clear. He reported finding no associated address records and no telephone registration under the listed name; the court allowed the testimony over a hearsay objection.

contents of the defendant's computer — Kiernan confirmed during further redirect that he had reviewed the contents of Ulbricht's computer for malware.

Copy of the Lenox half of the computer — Beeson testified that the errors or crashes discussed during examination did not prevent him from making a full and complete copy of the half of the computer at issue.

Critten's interview report entered into the TECS system — Critten testified that he entered his interview report into TECS, making it accessible to law enforcement around the country seeking information about Ulbricht.

Databases on the two analyzed servers — Shaw testified that both analyzed servers contained Silk Road marketplace databases with significant structural similarities and overlapping data. He identified transaction information and messages between marketplace user accounts on both servers.

DD disk image of Mr. Ulbricht's laptop — Beeson testified that he used DD to image Ulbricht's running laptop. His simultaneous imaging and MD5 hashing attempt failed with a permission-denied error, so he repeated the command without simultaneous hashing and generated the hash on October 3. He explained that continued activity on the live file system meant a later image would not match.

December 9, 2011 chat with VJ about telling people the site had been sold, and a later discussion of the Dread Pirate Roberts identity — In rebuttal closing, Howard described a December 9, 2011 chat with VJ about telling two people that Silk Road had been sold. He contrasted that exchange and a later discussion of adopting the Dread Pirate Roberts identity with Bates's belief that Ulbricht had left the site.

Defendant's laptop and Silk Road files, including chats, journal entries, accounting records, keys, and a transaction database — In rebuttal closing, Howard described the laptop's Silk Road chats, journal entries, accounting records, keys, server lists, website copy, and transaction database. He emphasized that operational records also contained personal details matching Ulbricht's email, Facebook, and financial records.

Defense Exhibit AA — Bates said the chat concerned bitcoin prices and bitcoins he had recently sold. He expressly clarified that he had not been trading bitcoins with Ulbricht.

Defense Exhibit CC — Bates confirmed that the material refreshed his recollection of commenting in June 2011 that the bitcoin market was crashing as Ulbricht had predicted.

Defense Exhibit F — The screenshot displayed a Cirrus message about assuming that computers used UTC, and Der-Yeghiayan agreed that an operator could configure a computer's time zone. The court admitted Exhibit F but expressly excluded the message contents from use for their truth.

Defense Exhibit J — Kiernan recognized the PHP code but could not determine whether it came from the laptop, server or both, or whether it automatically redirected a DPR login to the Mastermind page. The court received Exhibit J subject to connection and possible reconsideration based on later testimony.

Defense Exhibit P — Bates remembered the April 2011 conversation poorly but said it partially refreshed his recollection of Ulbricht's frustration learning Cake PHP. Later, material labeled Exhibit P refreshed his recollection of a May 15, 2012 greeting exchange, whose date counsel agreed was accurate.

Defense Exhibit R-57 — Bates agreed that the chat addressed technical work on a proposed bitcoin exchange, including JSON-RPC and Java wrappers, with part of the conversation dated October 6, 2011. The court admitted Exhibit R-57 without objection.

Digital journal the government attributed to Ulbricht — In opening statement, Howard described a digital journal on Ulbricht's laptop that recounted launching and operating Silk Road, growing hallucinogenic mushrooms for initial sales, and the site's growth over time.

Document reference 3513-25 — After reviewing the March 29, 2011 chat during cross-examination on Day 6, Bates confirmed that Ulbricht had said he was overwhelmed but remained unsure whether the statement concerned Silk Road.

Document reference 3513-31 — During cross-examination on Day 6, Bates confirmed discussing plans with Ulbricht to encrypt his bitcoin wallet for security and keep it on a thumb drive, although he could not recall exactly when he obtained the wallet.

Document reference 3513-37 — Bates confirmed that he asked Ulbricht where to monitor bitcoin exchange rates on April 28, 2011. After reviewing the chat, he also confirmed Ulbricht's statement that he would have made $4,000 had he sold his bitcoins that weekend.

Document reference 3513-38 — After reviewing the chat during cross-examination on Day 6, Bates confirmed that Ulbricht told him he had sold all his bitcoins and was trying to buy back into the market at under a dollar.

Documents copied from the laptop's home directory to a new USB drive during triage — Kiernan testified that he copied documents from the laptop's home directory onto a new USB drive while the computer remained running. The court struck his characterization of the directory's contents as the material used most often.

Downloaded pack#2.rar hacking package, including the Syslogger keylogger tested by D'Agostino — D'Agostino described pack#2.rar as a compressed collection organized by malware name and function, including password stealers and keyloggers. He tested selected programs, including Syslogger, and said the tested software performed its advertised functions; he expressly had not tested the entire collection.

DPR and redandwhite private messages concerning alleged murders-for-hire — Turner discussed private messages between DPR and redandwhite about alleged murder-for-hire arrangements, comparing them with laptop log entries, other files, and bitcoin payments. He expressly stated that the alleged attempted murders were not charged in this trial, that jurors need not make findings about them, and that the government did not contend any murders occurred.

Dread Pirate Roberts forum post announcing a category for fake IDs and passports, cited by Turner as evidence of involvement in offering false identification documents — During Day 10 argument on the motion for acquittal, Turner described a Dread Pirate Roberts forum post announcing a new category for fake IDs and passports. He said the post had been entered into evidence and remained on the website for a long time.

Dread Pirate Roberts forum posts and undercover chats used in the comparison — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he compared Liberty Student posts on mises with Dread Pirate Roberts forum posts and undercover chats. The comparison concerned wording and factual commonalities, not an established identification of the author.

Drug-forum Web pages the government said an agent traced to Ulbricht — In his Day 1 opening statement, Howard said an agent would show drug-forum pages advertising Silk Road and explain how the advertisements were traced to Ulbricht.

Duch's home computer containing his transaction records — Duch testified that he stored a spreadsheet tracking his Silk Road drug sales and customer addresses on his home computer, contrary to the site's address-retention rule, and that law enforcement seized the computer when he was arrested.

Electronic trial transcript for extracting testimony in response to jury questions — On Day 11, the court requested an electronic transcript so testimony could be extracted quickly if jury questions required it; counsel said that capability was being prepared.

Email in which, according to defense counsel, Der-Yeghiayan said the interview subject sounded very much like Karpeles — Dratel described an email in which Der-Yeghiayan reportedly said that the person interviewed as DPR sounded very much like Karpeles. The court outlined questioning that would avoid eliciting the underlying interview statement and requested written submissions on the unresolved evidentiary dispute.

Encrypted files listed as inigo.jpg.gpg, symm.tar.gz.gpg, libertas.jpg.gpg, cirrus.jpg.gpg and pics.tar.gz.gpg — Kiernan identified inigo.jpg.gpg, symm.tar.gz.gpg, libertas.jpg.gpg, cirrus.jpg.gpg and pics.tar.gz.gpg in the home/frosty/backup/reference directory. He testified that he accessed their contents using PGP and a password found on the laptop.

Exhibit 1200 — Alex Miller confirmed that Exhibit 1200 contained the March 16, 2013 entry posted at 3:39:25 a.m. UTC. He also testified that Stack Overflow retained original records despite screen-name changes.

Exhibit 129A — After the jury was excused, the court stated that the screenshot had been appropriately authenticated and that the objection to Exhibit 129A concerned authentication.

Exhibit 600 — During cross-examination, Ilhwan Yum confirmed that his October trip to Iceland included shutting down servers at the time of the arrest and putting up the banner shown in Exhibit 600.

Exhibit M — In closing argument, Dratel described Exhibit M as a computer to-do list introduced through Ms. Prince that morning. He contrasted it with handwritten notes found in a wastebasket at Ulbricht's residence.

Facebook and email records compared with personal details in laptop chats, including a 2012 email about statistics — In rebuttal closing, Howard compared personal details in laptop chats with Ulbricht's Facebook and email records. His examples included travel, illness, and a 2012 statistics email that he said appeared almost identically in a Silk Road chat.

Facebook travel records and Thailand photograph album — Turner compared Facebook information placing Ulbricht in Thailand with January and February 2012 chats describing that trip, including a photograph album from February 2012. He also cited a Facebook account entry about camping that matched a February 2013 chat about being away.

Facebook wall post about Silk Road that Bates said Ross described deleting — Bates testified that Ulbricht told him on November 11, 2011, about a Facebook post suggesting authorities would be interested in his drug-running site. According to Bates, Ulbricht said he deleted the post and unfriended its author, then said he had already sold the site when Bates urged him to shut it down.

Forum posts and communications of DPR — During the Day 3 hearsay discussion, Turner argued that DPR's commands could indicate his role without asserting facts and that other statements could qualify as party admissions. He presented these as grounds for using the communications, not as a ruling by the court.

Gmail records compared with chats, accounting entries, and the operating log — In closing, Turner compared Gmail travel plans, purchase receipts, personal emails, and a statistics exchange with laptop chats, accounting entries, and the operating log. He also cited an emailed screenshot displaying chats with usernames appearing in the operational records.

Google account production containing approximately six emails from Mr. Ulbricht's account during June 24–28, 2013 — On Day 11, Prince testified that her review of the Google account production found approximately six emails from Ulbricht's account during June 24–28, 2013.

Google email returns obtained in the Karpeles investigation — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that warrants for the emails were part of his investigation of Karpeles and said the returns took time to arrive. He also testified that he had not found Karpeles Tor chats.

Google production containing emails and Gmail IP login logs, which Prince was proposed to describe without interpreting their meaning — The defense proposed having Prince describe emails and date ranges in the Google production, while the prosecution raised concerns about incomplete Gmail IP login logs and interpretation. The court permitted her to describe her personal observations of the records but not draw conclusions from their presence or absence.

Government Exhibit 1003 — Bates explained that his claim to have told friends he knew who ran Silk Road was an April Fool's joke, not an actual disclosure of Ulbricht's involvement. The court admitted the chat over renewed defense objections.

Government Exhibit 1007 — Bates said he believed he was giving Ulbricht server commands to examine log output and open files while trying to determine why Silk Road was down. The court admitted the chat over renewed defense objections.

Government Exhibit 1008 — The chat described Silk Road as accessible through tor2web but not directly through its .onion address. Bates explained that Ulbricht was stressed about restoring access, while Bates was reading about Tor and acknowledged uncertainty about how it worked.

Government Exhibit 101 — Der-Yeghiayan identified drugs as the predominant goods offered on the pictured homepage. He explained that the displayed total of 2,020 referred to individual drug listings, not units or quantities of drugs, and that a listing could offer multiple units.

Government Exhibit 102C — Der-Yeghiayan described a photograph of separate mail seizures and a collage assembled from individual Silk Road listings. He explained his comparison through pill appearance, a positive amphetamine test, the combination of drugs offered and the repeated envelope style.

Government Exhibit 102D — The exhibit includes a photograph of three ecstasy pills bearing the Candy Shop logo, an image saved from Silk Road, and a screenshot advertising ten Redbull ecstasy pills. Der-Yeghiayan identified Candy Shop as the listed seller and the Netherlands as the advertised shipping country.

Government Exhibit 103A — The screenshot depicts an undercover purchase of 0.2 grams of brown heroin from uglydoll, a seller identified as shipping from the Netherlands. The photographs show the received envelope and packaging containing brown powder that later tested positive for heroin.

Government Exhibit 103B — The photographs show German stamps and a German return address, along with material indicating use of the Netherlands postal system, although the vendor advertised shipment from the Netherlands. The package contained a white, crystal-like substance in vacuum-sealed packaging that field-tested positive for cocaine.

Government Exhibit 106A — Der-Yeghiayan explained the search result during his Day 1 testimony about locating servers on the ordinary Internet. The exhibit was offered as a demonstrative and received by the court.

Government Exhibit 106B — Der-Yeghiayan described the page as the result generally displayed when Who.is is queried for a dot-onion address. The court received it as a demonstrative showing how the website worked.

Government Exhibit 108 — Der-Yeghiayan testified on Day 2 that he took the screenshot of the first page displayed when opening Silk Road's dot-onion address in the Tor browser.

Government Exhibit 109 — Der-Yeghiayan identified the homepage as the page displayed after a user entered an account name and password. The court received the screenshot during his Day 2 testimony.

Government Exhibit 110 — The page displays the stimulants subcategory within Silk Road's drugs category and was received during Der-Yeghiayan's Day 2 testimony.

Government Exhibit 1100 — D'Agostino identified the offered file as pack#2.rar and explained that clicking the download control would begin transferring it to a computer. The court received the screenshot without objection on Day 9.

Government Exhibit 1101 — The screenshots display only portions of the package's contents, organized by malware name or function. The displayed folders include Blackshades, distributed denial of service tools, password stealers, and keyloggers.

Government Exhibit 1102 — D'Agostino identified the capture as one he made of a keylogger he had tested. The court received it without objection during his Day 9 testimony.

Government Exhibit 111 — Der-Yeghiayan said he believed the screenshot dated from around March 6, 2013. The court received it during his Day 2 testimony.

Government Exhibit 113 — Der-Yeghiayan described screenshots of buying bitcoins, transferring them from Mt. Gox to Silk Road, and ordering 1,000 ecstasy pills from supertrips, who advertised shipment from Germany. The checkout pages show use of an undercover name and an order marked as processing.

Government Exhibit 114 — Der-Yeghiayan clarified that he witnessed the screenshot being taken rather than taking it himself. The court received it without objection on Day 2.

Government Exhibit 116A — The page lists offers for UK driver's licenses, a UK passport, customizable prescription labels, and a Polish national ID card. The defense questioned whether the advertised offers were genuine, and the court overruled its objections.

Government Exhibit 116C — Der-Yeghiayan identified bullion, digital currencies, and loans as subcategories and testified that the money section offered bitcoin-for-cash exchanges.

Government Exhibit 117A — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he took the screenshot of an account he had taken over on Silk Road. The court later stated that Exhibit 117A was not offered for the truth of its contents.

Government Exhibit 117B — The page displays a message-entry box and a history ordered from newest to oldest. The court stated that Exhibit 117B was not offered to prove the truth of the statements it displayed.

Government Exhibit 118 — The screenshot displays subforums for Silk Road discussion, security, shipping, drug safety, and other topics. Der-Yeghiayan identified its capture date from the picture's metadata.

Government Exhibit 118A — The page displays a moderator's pinned thread above other discussions ordered by recent activity. Der-Yeghiayan explained that a new message moved its discussion thread to the top, below pinned threads.

Government Exhibit 118B — The screenshot shows a rumor mill thread requesting reviews of MDMA quality from Silk Road sellers, with a displayed creation date of July 17, 2011; its capture date was not definitively established. The court admitted it only to show words posted on the forum, not whether users actually tested products or performed the conduct described.

Government Exhibit 118C — The August 20, 2013 screenshot shows the cirrus account's private-message inbox in the Silk Road forums, separate from marketplace messaging. The court admitted it only to show the posted words, not the truth of the conduct described.

Government Exhibit 119 — The guide describes bitcoin payments, escrow, address encryption and deletion, tumbling, and precautions for receiving packages.

Government Exhibit 120 — Der-Yeghiayan identified the exhibit as screenshots he took on September 18, 2012, through a vendor account he had taken over. The guide instructs sellers to destroy customer addresses, publish a public encryption key for customers who wish to encrypt their information, categorize listings, and avoid directing buyers outside escrow or off-site.

Government Exhibit 1204 — Alex Miller identified the exhibit as the original question and a later revision, and dated the change to its URL and code to April 4, 2013.

Government Exhibit 1205 — The answer objects to the example URL's connection to the Hidden Wiki, while Frosty's reply says the address was only an example and had been changed to TorMail's hidden service.

Government Exhibit 123 — During recross on Day 5, Der-Yeghiayan described the profile as belonging to the Silk Road account whose username changed to Dread Pirate Roberts after a post announcing the new name.

Government Exhibit 127B — During cross-examination on Day 4, Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that the record displayed an encrypted OTR session notice and an unverified-identity warning, which he believed appeared whenever a chat was initiated.

Government Exhibit 127C — On Day 3, Der-Yeghiayan identified the chat as an exchange in which DPR granted him greater support-panel access and supplied login instructions. He identified the address in the chat as the login page displayed in Government Exhibit 201M.

Government Exhibit 127D — Der-Yeghiayan identified Government Exhibit 127D as the screenshot he took when he first gained access to the support panel used to reach the flagged-message page he moderated.

Government Exhibit 129B — On Day 3, Der-Yeghiayan identified the image as the status window he used to check DPR's online activity and testified that its dread username and avatar matched those shown in Government Exhibit 201J.

Government Exhibit 129D — Der-Yeghiayan identified the image as a capture from his own computer of the administrator-panel page containing the flagged message he asked Dread Pirate Roberts to inspect.

Government Exhibit 129E — The court admitted the screenshot without objection on Day 3, and Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that it depicted the chat's on-screen appearance rather than its log format.

Government Exhibit 132 — Der-Yeghiayan compared the screenshot with an April 2012 image showing 2,020 drug listings and testified that counts had substantially increased in every category, with additional categories added.

Government Exhibit 133A — Der-Yeghiayan testified that the screenshot displayed exactly the same public key as the August 19, 2013 image. The court admitted Exhibit 133A over a hearsay objection on Day 3.

Government Exhibit 200A — Kiernan identified the exhibit as his screenshot of MD5 hash results and testified that he compared the working copy's value with the value for the image received from Beeson. The court received the screenshot without objection.

Government Exhibit 205A — Kiernan testified that the displayed MD5 checksum for the imaged thumb-drive files matched the original copy's checksum. The court received his screenshot without objection.

Government Exhibit 211 through 216 — Kiernan identified the exhibits as screenshots he took of FTK Imager and its results, and the court received them without objection. His explanation included the Frosty user account and the location of Tor chat logs on the laptop.

Government Exhibit 212 — During his Day 5 testimony, Thomas Kiernan identified the displayed directory structure as part of the defendant's laptop, and Howard stated that the exhibit had already been admitted.

Government Exhibit 212A — Kiernan described Silk Road welcome text and seller instructions requiring destruction of shipping addresses and publication of a public encryption key. The court admitted the exhibit over authentication and hearsay objections on Day 5.

Government Exhibit 212B — On Day 5, Thomas Kiernan identified the file as mastermind.php and said he had previously seen the Silk Road mastermind page while examining and photographing the defendant's laptop.

Government Exhibit 213 — Kiernan described the displayed database tables, including transaction, category, message, shipping, deposit and vendor-detail entries. He testified that the database contained entries involving drugs and similar items.

Government Exhibit 214 — Kiernan identified the wallet.dat file's location in the laptop's home/frosty.bitcoin directory and explained that such a file contains bitcoin wallets and addresses. He testified that he extracted the file and gave it to Ilhwan Yum.

Government Exhibit 222 — Kiernan testified that he extracted the Tor chat log from the defendant's computer, and the court received it without objection. He explained that the software automatically labels the local participant as myself, while users can assign names to their contacts.

Government Exhibit 222B — The excerpt comes from the first page of a five-page Tor chat recovered from the defendant's computer. The participant labeled myself identifies as DPR, and the participant labeled sSh identifies as squid; the court received the excerpt without objection.

Government Exhibit 226A — The passages read on Day 10 cover sales and vendor estimates, Myself's stated reasons for stopping mushroom sales, and a proposal to leave encrypted control-transfer instructions in case of incarceration.

Government Exhibit 226E — The passages read during Gary Luis Alford's direct examination on Day 8 discuss obtaining another citizenship, possible renunciation of citizenship, tax havens, and arrangements for living abroad.

Government Exhibit 227E — The excerpts read on Day 8 include an interview request made on behalf of Hamilton Morris and Cimon's warning that an interview could compromise deliberate ambiguity about the site's founder and number of operators.

Government Exhibit 227F — In the passage read on Day 8, Myself apologizes for missing a scheduled chat, reports changing time zones, and suggests confusion over a flight schedule as an explanation.

Government Exhibit 227G — The passage reproduces a message claiming a Silk Road vulnerability and demanding payments; Cimon emphasizes keeping the site open, while Myself reports stress and a temporary pause in travel.

Government Exhibit 227H — The October 29, 2012 excerpts from pages 106–109 of a 337-page chat log discuss Cimon's claims that personal disclosures could identify Myself and DA. Cimon and Myself also discuss presenting DPR as a replacement for the original administrator and developing a backstory.

Government Exhibit 227I — The excerpts from pages 308–310 of a 337-page Cimon chat log include February 2013 exchanges about weekend plans. The court admitted Exhibit 227I, and Turner later confirmed that it came from the same file as previously admitted Cimon excerpts.

Government Exhibit 231A — The May 4, 2012 exchange discusses server isolation, attack exposure, recovery after an intrusion, and moving bitcoins into offline cold storage.

Government Exhibit 231B — In the May 4, 2012 exchange, Smed discusses expected code delivery and planned login-function modifications while describing deadlines associated with travel.

Government Exhibit 231C — In the chat beginning May 15, 2012, Smed describes a working escrow system in raw form, unfinished testing, vendor-management delays, and plans to bring in additional help.

Government Exhibit 254 — The interview_questions.txt file asks about computer security, disclosure of Silk Road involvement, promotion and training availability, outside income, and intended laundering of earnings.

Government Exhibit 256 — Kiernan identified the image as the decrypted contents of inigo.jpg.gpg and confirmed that it displayed a Virginia driver's license bearing Andrew Michael Jones's name. The court received the exhibit without objection.

Government Exhibit 268 — The screenshot displays the Silk Road logo, a notice that the site is down for maintenance, and a forum link containing a dot-onion address.

Government Exhibit 269 — The screenshot displays dpr_key.php and a public PGP key described in the file as usable to verify messages signed by Silk Road administrator Dread Pirate Roberts.

Government Exhibit 270 — The recovered 1.text file appears to contain an email exchange with Arto, including text attributed to Ross Ulbricht dated September 15, 2009. The passages read aloud ask about Tor anonymity, anonymous payments, and an online storefront that could not be traced to its operator.

Government Exhibit 271 — The digital publication is titled The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories, second edition, and is attributed to Jack B. Nimble. Its displayed contents address security, safety, facilities, equipment, and procurement.

Government Exhibit 273 — The exhibit includes a passport image bearing Ross Ulbricht's name and an FTK Imager screenshot locating the file under the laptop's Frosty home directory. Kiernan explained that the displayed path identified where the file was stored on the drive.

Government Exhibit 274 — Kiernan testified that he extracted the file from the defendant's laptop, and the court received it without objection.

Government Exhibit 280 — The XMPP.txt file provides instructions for setting up Pidgin, off-the-record messaging, and Tor, then adding a dread account as a contact.

Government Exhibit 290 — The PDF recovered from the defendant's computer is titled Commonwealth of Dominica Economic Citizenship Program, Guide of Reference 2011. The passages read aloud describe claimed passport benefits, donation amounts, and processing times.

Government Exhibit 291 — The Disclosure Form - Individual was recovered from the same folder as the Dominica citizenship guide. It contains Ross Ulbricht's name and personal information, including birth details, family information, and other identifiers.

Government Exhibit 295 — The two-page exhibit shows a recovered file in a Richard Page folder nested under Aliases and security. Its displayed contents list contact details under that name, a redacted PGP passphrase field, and references to hosting services and Silk Road.

Government Exhibit 296 — The two-page exhibit shows SilkRoad.asc and Kiernan's import of the key into a GPG program. Kiernan testified that the private key was created on April 1, 2011, and yielded a public key corresponding to the DPR public key found on Silk Road and the defendant's computer.

Government Exhibit 297 — Kiernan identified the exhibit as screenshots he took while examining two files on the thumb drive. He explained that the second page showed the software used to verify decryption after he entered a password found on the laptop; the court received the exhibit without objection.

Government Exhibit 301 — During Day 8 cross-examination, Alford confirmed that an October 11, 2011 Altoid recruitment post followed the earlier posts discussed alongside Exhibit 301 by approximately eight months.

Government Exhibit 302 — The Day 8 questioning cited Exhibit 302 among earlier materials when Alford confirmed an approximately eight-month interval before Altoid's October 11, 2011 recruitment post.

Government Exhibit 303 — During Day 8 cross-examination, counsel included Exhibit 303 in a grouped reference to earlier material. Alford confirmed that the later Altoid recruitment post appeared approximately eight months after the earlier posts.

Government Exhibit 304 — The Day 8 timing comparison included Exhibit 304 when Alford agreed that Altoid's October 11, 2011 post seeking IT help for a bitcoin startup followed the earlier posts by approximately eight months.

Government Exhibit 316 — The exhibit contains three May 1, 2012 emails requesting character references for Dominica citizenship. The email read aloud explains the application in terms of international diversification, potential financial opportunities, tax advantages, and political contingency planning.

Government Exhibit 320 — The September 3, 2012 Priceline email to Ross Ulbricht lists a scheduled flight from San Francisco to Austin on September 26, 2012. Alford identified the cities as being in different time zones; the itinerary did not establish that the flight was taken.

Government Exhibit 321 — The November 13, 2012 email to Ross Ulbricht lists scheduled travel from San Francisco through Atlanta and San Juan to Dominica on November 14–15, with a return itinerary on December 4–5. The schedules were reviewed alongside a November 15 chat about travel, not as testimony that Alford observed the trips.

Government Exhibit 324 — The exhibit contains two Okcupid emails, including a September 18, 2013 notification to Ross Ulbricht. The messages describe arrival plans and clothing, then express pleasure at meeting and provide a telephone number.

Government Exhibit 325 — In the September 19, 2013 email to Julia, Ross Ulbricht reports a poison oak rash from head to toe and wishes she were there to comfort him.

Government Exhibit 333A — Alford identified IP address 64.31.48.51 in the defendant's Gmail login records from June 17 through June 20, 2013. The same address appeared in a server spreadsheet examined during his testimony.

Government Exhibit 333B — The chart lists SMS messages and other communications from August 1 through September 19, 2013, including dates, times, directions and counterpart phone numbers. Alford located the telephone number from the Danielle note on page 4.

Government Exhibit 340B — Alford described the Verified Orders section as the marketplace account's record of a completed hacking-pack order placed around September 20, 2013. The court received the screenshot over an objection.

Government Exhibit 600 — Yum testified that he created the image from a template and replaced the Silk Road homepage with it after the seizure. He checked through a separate laptop's Tor browser that the banner appeared.

Government Exhibit 604 — Yum identified the hard drive as his forensic copy of the server at a data center outside Philadelphia. He testified that the original drive and the copy had matching hash values.

Government Exhibit 606 — Yum created three screenshots showing MD5 and SHA1 values calculated for forensic images of the Philadelphia backup server, the Iceland bitcoin server and the defendant's laptop. He testified that the values matched the corresponding imaging logs.

Government Exhibit 607 — The screenshot displayed total receipts of approximately 144,341 bitcoins at a government address. Yum testified that most, but not all, came from the wallet on the defendant's laptop, so the displayed total was slightly higher than the laptop seizure amount.

Government Exhibit 650 — The CD contains a text list of 2,105,527 unique bitcoin addresses recovered from Silk Road-related servers. Yum explained that private keys in the wallet files enabled him to obtain the addresses.

Government Exhibit 651 — The CD contains a text list of 11,135 unique bitcoin addresses found on the defendant's laptop. Yum testified that the laptop also contained the private keys for all of those addresses.

Government Exhibit 700 — Duch identified the exhibit on Day 8 as his vendor page immediately before his 2013 arrest, during testimony about creating heroin listings on Silk Road.

Government Exhibit 700A — Duch explained on Day 8 that the interface updated the vendor page shown in Government Exhibit 700, and the court received Exhibit 700A over a hearsay objection.

Government Exhibit 700B — Duch testified on Day 8 that he used a page like the one depicted to create his Silk Road listings and that the exhibit accurately reflected his recollection.

Government Exhibit 703 — The spreadsheet includes order numbers, ordered heroin quantities, shipping methods, addresses, buyer usernames and tracking numbers drawn from data Duch kept on his home computer. Duch added an adjusted quantity column in preparation for testimony to include extra bags he said he distributed.

Government Exhibit 704 — Duch testified on Day 8 that he received the messages through Silk Road's internal messaging system and that buyers mainly asked whether their purchases had shipped that day.

Government Exhibit 911A — During the Day 11 closing argument, Turner pointed to advertised quantities of 1, 3.5, 7 and 5 grams and emphasized that each exceeded one-tenth of a gram.

Government Exhibit 920B — Shaw identified the screenshot on Day 10 as a technical description of the Silk Road Marketplace transactions table and testified that he took it. The court received it over hearsay and authentication objections.

Government Exhibit 950 — Shaw described the screenshot as showing some of the earliest transactions with recorded commissions, which he believed began around May 2011. One highlighted entry recorded 14 grams of MDMA, a $337.06 sales price and a $16.74 commission.

Government-provided laptop image that defense counsel said Prince had reviewed — During the Day 11 discussion of Prince's proposed testimony, Dratel said she had reviewed the government-provided laptop image. He offered that review as her basis for identifying documents he sought to introduce.

Hard drive previously received subject to further authentication — On Day 7, the court recalled that the hard drive had been received subject to further authentication and stated that a sufficient foundation had now been supplied.

Image of Mr. Ulbricht's laptop — Prince testified on Day 11 that she had access to an image of Ulbricht's laptop and identified market rewrite as a text file found on the laptop.

Karpeles' LinkedIn entry describing software-development and ecommerce experience — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that he cited Karpeles' LinkedIn description of software-development and ecommerce experience in a sworn assessment. He acknowledged writing that this background would make Karpeles well suited to operating an ecommerce site such as Silk Road.

Laptop and server images containing bitcoin wallets and private keys, which Howard said had been available to the defense during discovery — In response to a defense request for more preparation time, Howard said the defense had long had access to laptop and server images containing bitcoin wallets, private keys, and addresses. He identified those images as the underlying material used for the bitcoin analysis.

Laptop bitcoin wallet and keys addressed in the defense's proposed expert testimony — Dratel proffered expert opinions that possession of wallet keys would indicate access, not necessarily ownership or exclusive control, and would not conclusively explain how bitcoins reached the laptop wallet. He described those proposed opinions while objecting to the exclusion of defense experts.

Laptop bitcoin wallet, metadata, and traced bitcoin payments — In closing, Turner described a laptop wallet holding about 144,000 bitcoins, valued at approximately $18 million at arrest, and cited transfers from Silk Road server wallets. He matched the wallet file's April 7, 2013 creation date with a log entry about moving a storage wallet to the local machine. He also cited traced payments in attributing alleged murder-for-hire arrangements to Ulbricht, expressly stating that those matters were not charged here and that the government did not contend any murders occurred.

Laptop chat logs the government said concerned Silk Road operations — In his Day 1 opening statement, Howard described laptop chat logs as transcripts of communications with Silk Road employees. He said the chats would show Ulbricht's involvement in running the site's operations.

Laptop image supplied by Mr. Beeson and Kiernan's working copy — Kiernan testified that he worked from his own copy of the laptop image supplied by Beeson and had not participated in Beeson's imaging. He confirmed that his matching hash comparison concerned the supplied image and his working copy, not a hash taken directly from the laptop.

Laptop RAM capture begun on October 3 — Beeson testified that he and an associate began capturing laptop RAM on October 3 and that FMEM crashed the computer during the capture. He said capture continued after a restart, but some unidentified information was permanently lost. He explained that RAM can contain process, network, or malware information without saying those details necessarily appeared in this capture.

Laptop records and journals that Dratel said the government would attribute to Ross — In his Day 1 opening statement, Dratel disputed the expected attribution of the laptop's journals and other records to Ulbricht as DPR. He argued that retaining years of incriminating material while using a public-library computer connection was inconsistent with the security-conscious operator described by the government.

Liberty Student posts on mises — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he compared Liberty Student posts on mises with DPR's forum posts, undercover chats, and other available writings. He acknowledged writing a report and sending sets of posts to an English professor for analysis, but no professor's findings were established.

LinkedIn page appearing to be associated with Anand Athavale — Der-Yeghiayan recalled seeing a LinkedIn page indicating that Athavale had computer experience, but he had not verified its authorship or accuracy. The court instructed that the page's existence did not establish the truth of its contents.

LinkedIn page associated with Ashley Barr — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed viewing Barr's LinkedIn page but was uncertain whether it supplied his information about Barr's education. The court barred using his reading of unverified Internet material to establish Barr's actual expertise.

LinkedIn page discussed during Alford's cross-examination — The court ruled that LinkedIn questioning fell outside the scope of Alford's direct examination and could not be pursued on cross-examination. Genuine bias inquiries and ordinary impeachment remained available.

LinkedIn pages and résumé information concerning Mark Karpeles' Linux and PHP experience — Der-Yeghiayan described LinkedIn and résumé information indicating that Karpeles had Linux and PHP experience, including professional work with both. The court allowed testimony about the information he saw, not its truth, because he had not verified it.

Links associated with the hacking tools discussed on direct examination — Alford confirmed on Day 8 cross-examination that he had not clicked any of the links associated with the hacking tools he discussed on direct examination.

Lists of computers the government said were used to run Silk Road — In his opening statement, Howard said Ulbricht's laptop contained lists of computers located around the world that Ulbricht used to run Silk Road.

March 2013 Stack Overflow post — Miller explained that the March 2013 login used Google's OpenID service and that Stack Overflow relied on Google to confirm control of the Gmail address. Merely typing that address would not supply the confirmation he described.

Mark Karpeles' emails reviewed under a search warrant; descriptions limited to topics and words observed — Der-Yeghiayan estimated that his warrant-based review of Karpeles' emails ended in early 2014, after Ulbricht's arrest. He described hosting-service and bitcoin-business topics and the names KalyHost and AutoVPS, but the court allowed only testimony about topics and words observed, not their truth.

Mastermind page — Shaw explained that the mastermind page did not automatically appear after every Dread Pirate Roberts login. Its appearance depended on which login page was used, with a special support-admin login leading to it automatically.

Mastermind screen reached with the browser back button and the mastermind.php file — Kiernan confirmed that he reached the mastermind screen by pressing the browser's back button from the screen displayed when he first received the laptop. The questioning also addressed the mastermind.php file and his examination of other PHP files.

May 2, 2013 email to Curtis with a desktop screenshot attachment — In closing argument, Turner described a May 2, 2013 email to Curtis with no message body and an attached desktop screenshot showing a chat with smed and another tab labeled MG. He compared those details with log entries describing work with the same usernames.

Michael Duch's spreadsheets — In closing argument, Dratel described Duch's spreadsheets as materials Duch had worked on for trial and questioned whether their contents were reliable or independently verified.

mises.org posts of Liberty Student and DPR — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed on Day 5 recross-examination that a comparison involving the mises.org posts of Liberty Student and DPR had been analyzed. No analysis result was elicited.

Monitored bitcoin account information suspected to be associated with Silk Road — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he monitored bitcoin addresses suspected of association with Silk Road after investigative purchases and transfers. He agreed that a monitored account held approximately 503,825 bitcoins on July 10, 2012, and the questioning compared those holdings with the 144,000 bitcoins seized from Ulbricht's laptop.

Mr. Ulbricht's mises.org account — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed on recross-examination that Ulbricht maintained his mises.org account in his own name.

Mr. Ulbricht's YouTube account — Der-Yeghiayan agreed during Day 5 recross-examination that Ulbricht's YouTube account was in his own name.

Narcotics screenshots — On Day 3, the court found by a preponderance of the evidence that the vendors depicted in the narcotics screenshots conspired with Dread Pirate Roberts. Its application of the co-conspirator hearsay exception remained subject to connecting Dread Pirate Roberts to Ulbricht at the relevant time, separate from proof of the substantive charges.

newyorkstate.gov website, which the juror said indicated employers could not require vacation time for jury service — Juror No. 4 said the website indicated that employers could not require vacation time for jury service. The court said it had not reviewed the website and did not know whether federal jury service made a difference.

October 16, 2012 chat containing the book recommendation and Rothbard answer — The court identified the recovered October 16, 2012 chat as containing a request for a book recommendation and a Rothbard answer, and Dratel confirmed that identification. Dratel argued that the chat substantiated the first part of a witness's account.

PGP key used in the demonstration — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that the demonstrated key bore the name Silk Road, not Dread Pirate Roberts, and showed an April 1, 2011 creation date. He agreed that the private key and password could be shared and that verification identified someone with those credentials, without establishing that any transfer actually occurred.

PGP keys recovered from the laptop image and discussion of private-key storage — Kiernan confirmed that PGP keys came from the image of Ulbricht's laptop. He explained that a private key could be kept on the computer in a secure location and described encrypted storage as his preferred approach.

Posts counsel described as reporting an October 19, 2011 Silk Road outage — Dratel asked Alford about posts he described as reporting an October 19, 2011 Silk Road outage. Alford initially said he did not know and would need to see the posts; after counsel directed him to page 247, the renewed question remained unanswered.

posts on mises.org — Der-Yeghiayan testified that discussions of agorism, Samuel Konkin, and Murray Rothbard appeared across mises.org, not only on Liberty Student's account.

profile of the defendant on YouTube — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he found a YouTube profile bearing Ulbricht's name and photograph and saw subscriptions to mises.org on the page.

profile on mises.org in the defendant's name — During Day 5 redirect, Der-Yeghiayan confirmed finding a mises.org profile displaying Ulbricht's name and photograph.

python programs — Dratel objected to the use of Python programs on hearsay and confrontation grounds. The court rejected the objection, noted that the particular program was also on the defendant's laptop, and denied the application.

R57 — During the Day 11 closing argument, Dratel described R57 as additional portions of an October 2011 chat between Bates and Ulbricht. He argued that the fuller conversation concerned their bitcoin exchange project rather than Silk Road.

Recovered Tor chat logs and excerpts, including the automatically generated unsigned-log notice — Kiernan acknowledged that some displayed chats were excerpts and that Tor chat files were editable text files. He distinguished where the logs were saved from where they were generated; the examination did not establish actual alteration or remote placement.

Sampling of computer hacking listings recovered when the FBI seized Silk Road — Turner described a sampling of listings recovered when the FBI seized Silk Road, including keyloggers, email account crackers, password stealers, and services for knocking websites offline.

Seized laptop, RAM, and forensic hash records — In closing argument, Dratel cited continued BitTorrent activity, lost RAM, and delays in obtaining hash values. He argued that the lost memory prevented examination of the processes running on the laptop at the time of arrest.

September 23, 2013 thumb-drive backup and laptop copies of the log file — Howard described a thumb-drive backup dated September 23, 2013, containing Silk Road website files and other documents also found on the laptop. He said the thumb-drive log reflected the backup date, while the laptop copy contained later updates.

Server data the government said would document Silk Road drug transactions — In his Day 1 opening statement, Howard said a computer scientist would describe recovered Silk Road server data and the volume of drug transactions reflected in it.

Silk Road homepage that Bates said Ulbricht showed him on a laptop — Bates testified that Ulbricht showed him the Silk Road homepage after saying he was working on a website where people could buy drugs. Bates recalled a green camel and pictures of drugs, and said they used a neighbor's open Wi-Fi network.

Silk Road post material concerning June 18, 2011 forum creation, an October 19, 2011 outage and rebuilding from backup, and a December 1, 2011 address change, discussed for proposed readings — The proposed readings addressed forum creation around June 18, 2011, an October 19 outage and rebuilding from backup, and a December 1 address change. The court allowed faithful recitations of the posts without identifying the complaint as their source.

Silk Road screenshots previously placed in evidence — During Day 3 cross-examination, Der-Yeghiayan agreed that the Silk Road screenshots placed in evidence dated from 2012 or later, qualifying his answer as applying to effectively all of them.

Silk Road server authorized keys file — In closing argument, Turner described the file as specifying computers permitted to access the Silk Road server without entering a password. He identified a frosty@frosty entry and a last-modified date of March 26, 2013.

Silk Road server image held by the FBI — Der-Yeghiayan testified that the FBI had a Silk Road server image and an IP address in July 2013 while the site continued operating through September. He explained that his discussion of taking servers offline concerned imaging them, not stopping the site.

Silk Road transaction database — Turner cited the database in closing argument as reflecting more than 1.5 million transactions and over $213 million in revenue. He distinguished categorized sales from uncategorized sales, saying illegal drugs accounted for $182 million, or 96 percent, of approximately $190 million in categorized sales.

Silk Road Wiki and a website hosted by Mark Karpeles compared for MediaWiki features and version number — Der-Yeghiayan testified that silkroadmarket.org and the Karpeles website used the same older MediaWiki version when he observed them in 2012 or 2013. He said he had not examined the software deeply.

Silkroadmarket.org registration information and corresponding Richard Page details in the laptop's Aliases folder — Howard said silkroadmarket.org registration information under Richard Page matched a phone number and address in the laptop's Aliases folder. He distinguished that advertising website from the Silk Road marketplace on Tor.

Spreadsheets the government said tracked Silk Road expenses — In his Day 1 opening statement, Howard described spreadsheets on the defendant's laptop that he said tracked Silk Road expenses.

SSH authentication file last modified March 26, 2013 — Shaw testified that the file was last modified on March 26, 2013, and was valid for authentication from that point forward. He confirmed that a Frosty username on a computer named Frosty could access the server provided the user possessed a matching key.

Stack Exchange account records documenting registration information and changes to the display name and email address — Miller testified that the account's display name changed from Ross Ulbricht to Frosty less than a minute after the March 16, 2013 Tor-related question. He believed the email changed from rossulbricht@gmail.com to frosty@frosty.com within a minute or two of the April 4 revision. His testimony described account records, not personal observation of the account's operator.

Stack Overflow account records concerning the change from Ross Ulbricht to frosty — In closing argument, Dratel described a March 16, 2013 Stack Overflow question followed about 30 seconds later by a change from Ross Ulbricht to frosty. He contrasted that public change with the security-conscious behavior he attributed to DPR.

Stack Overflow account records, including original records retained after screen-name changes — Miller confirmed that Stack Overflow retained original records after screen-name changes and made them available by subpoena. He also acknowledged that the records did not identify the actual registrant or determine whether access involved a covert redirect attack; the questioning did not establish that an attack occurred.

Stack Overflow account registration and profile information — On redirect, Miller confirmed March 2012 registration through Facebook, which required an active Facebook login. He said the account displayed Ross Ulbricht and used rossulbricht@gmail.com until the referenced 2013 post, without personally identifying who operated it.

Stack Overflow posts about code, php and curl — Alford recalled Stack Overflow posts about code, PHP and curl from March 2013, but he did not confirm counsel's proposed date of March 26.

Statements made in chats that the court discussed when rejecting supplemental defense instruction number five — The court distinguished the chat statements from a law-enforcement confession when addressing the proposed defense instruction on Day 11.

Tar archive of laptop files — Beeson confirmed that the tar process produced a file-change error and acknowledged uncertainty about completion, the precise cause and the affected file. He said archiving could change access times but did not know whether it had done so here.

Text documents on Mr. Ulbricht's laptop mentioning Mr. Karpeles — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he looked for associations with Karpeles while reviewing Ulbricht's laptop and found Karpeles's name in some text documents.

The thumb drive found on Ulbricht's night table, which the defense argued supported an inference that material had been given to him — During the Day 10 discussion of an alternative-perpetrator theory, Dratel argued that material duplicated on a thumb drive and laptop could indicate that someone had given it to Ulbricht. The court challenged that interpretation of the thumb drive found on his night table.

To do list the government said contained Silk Road tasks — Howard told jurors in the Day 1 opening statement that Ulbricht's laptop contained a to-do list with tasks related to running Silk Road.

Tor chat files recovered from the defendant's computer — Kiernan confirmed that he found the chats presented on direct examination on the defendant's computer and said active encryption would have prevented access had the computer been closed before arrest. His testimony about accurate logging concerned his own chats, not authorship of the recovered files.

Tor chats Kiernan created and saved to examine logging behavior and the myself label — Kiernan created and saved Tor chats to check the starting directory for logs and whether logging was enabled by default. He acknowledged enabling logging himself and did not know whether his version or installation method matched Ulbricht's.

TOR check logs on the computer — Beeson denied that collection errors could have generated thousands of pages of the logs that were not already on the computer. He also denied that the errors prevented a complete copy of the Linux portion.

TorChat logs recovered from the defendant's computer — In closing argument, Turner described extensive chats with Silk Road employees and advisers and argued that the participant labeled myself was both DPR and Ulbricht. He cited Bates's identification and personal details matching travel and other records as grounds for that attribution.

Transaction spreadsheets the government proposed to provide on a disk for authentication — The government proposed putting voluminous transaction spreadsheets on a disk for authentication. The court required supporting data and an explanation of the sampling program so jurors could replicate the exercise, while leaving open further review and possible striking of the analysis.

Transactional data underlying Mr. Shaw's testimony, cited by Turner as showing a continuing series of drug transactions — During argument on the defense's motion for acquittal, Turner said Shaw's testimony relied on data containing thousands of drug transactions. He argued that Ulbricht participated in those transactions as a broker through Silk Road.

Travel records reviewed from the database — Der-Yeghiayan said the database showed where travelers came from and where they traveled to, and he confirmed that the reviewed records matched the passport stamps. He could not recall whether he had searched travel records using aliases.

Travel-history database records — Der-Yeghiayan clarified that the database history of Ulbricht's travel into and out of the United States was not based on, or limited to, the particular passport under discussion.

Unencrypted Linux partition image, with its filename corrected to sda4_crypt — Beeson testified that he made a complete image of the accessible, unencrypted Linux partition while the laptop remained running. He corrected the filename component from sda to sda4 and identified the image among the data consolidated on Government Exhibit 500.

Wallet file from the defendant's laptop that Kiernan supplied to Yum on a thumb drive, containing private keys used for the government seizure — Yum testified that the wallet file came from the laptop seized from the defendant at arrest. He explained that its private keys allowed him to send the bitcoins to the government address.

Wallet files and private keys found on the defendant's laptop — Yum matched laptop wallet addresses to outgoing transfers of 1,670 bitcoins on March 31, 2013, and 3,000 bitcoins on April 8, 2013. He explained that the wallets held the private keys needed to spend bitcoins associated with those addresses.

Wallet files on Mr. Ulbricht's laptop — Yum agreed that wallets can move between computers and addresses can move between wallets. He characterized the principal wallet as cold from August to October 2013 because its last-access date indicated that the bitcoin program had not run during that interval.

Website vendor-listing screenshots — The court distinguished pictures bearing drug labels from testimony that identified those drugs as available on Silk Road. It explained the co-conspirator basis for its ruling and directed the government to make any nontruth purpose clear in its questions.

Written Internet chats proposed for oral presentation — The court barred the proposed paralegal readings but allowed a prosecutor to read chats with a witness or another prosecutor. It announced an instruction emphasizing their written form, punctuation and emoticons, and left the ruling open to reassessment.

www.tar.gz.gpg, an encrypted thumb-drive file containing files corresponding to Silk Road website files on the laptop — Kiernan testified that he decrypted www.tar.gz.gpg using a password found on the laptop. He described its contents as similar to files in the laptop's var www directory, which contained Silk Road web pages, and said the thumb-drive file had been saved on September 23, 2013.

Zip file containing Silk Road php code that Bates said he received through TorChat, reviewed briefly and deleted — Bates testified that Ulbricht sent him a zip file containing Silk Road's PHP code through TorChat for review. Bates looked at it briefly and deleted it partly because he did not want material connecting him to the site on his computer.

Documents & Records (240)

Defense Exhibit E — The defense showed a version it had redacted to Jared Der-Yeghiayan on Day 4 to refresh his recollection, but he did not recall seeing it before. On Day 10, the defense argued that the document showed information reaching DPR, rather than proving that Athavale was DPR.

Government Exhibit 241 — The file contains entries describing site attacks, work with smed, Pidgin contacts, blackmail, and arrangements and payments for hits, alongside personal references to illness, poison oak, and a first date. Kiernan confirmed that the laptop version contained additional September 2013 entries beyond those in the thumb-drive copy.

Government Exhibit 250 — The eight-page expense spreadsheet recovered from the defendant's laptop contained entries for equipment, payroll, a $4,000 grand prize, and a November 18, 2012 entry labeled as a hacker payoff. The court accepted its authentication and held that its contents were either not offered for their truth or treated as admissions subject to connection by a preponderance of the evidence.

3514-17 — Michael Duch's signed cooperation agreement required substantial assistance, with the government alone deciding whether that requirement was met. Cross-examination addressed nonprosecution protections for specified drug-related conduct from 1994 through 2013, except criminal tax violations. Duch hoped for time served but acknowledged no guaranteed sentence, understood that the case's outcome should not affect a sentencing letter, and said untruthfulness could prevent the letter.

Government Exhibit 121B — The seller's contract required destruction of customer shipping addresses after labeling, concealed packaging, accurate product descriptions, and compliance with the seller's guide, with account bans for violations. Duch testified that he accepted the terms and understood them to include stealth shipping and payment of commissions.

Government Exhibit 125d — The screenshot reproduces an October 19, 2011 Silk Road post describing restoration from a backup and leased server space through third parties. The court received the exhibit, overruled the authentication objection, and expressly ruled that the maintenance statements were not offered for their truth.

Government Exhibit 133 — The August 19, 2013 website screenshot displays Dread Pirate Roberts' public PGP key and text explaining its use to verify signed messages. Der-Yeghiayan testified that the public key remained unchanged from the beginning of his investigation until the arrest.

Government Exhibit 251 — The Networthcalculator.ods spreadsheet from the defendant's computer lists assets and bitcoins, including entries valuing SR Inc. at $104 million and a Samsung 700Z laptop at $800. The court accepted authentication and treated the contents as either not offered for their truth or admissions subject to connection by a preponderance of the evidence.

Government Exhibit 620 — The 64-page transaction spreadsheet summarizes Yum's findings of 3,760 direct transfers totaling 700,253.91 bitcoins from Silk Road server addresses to addresses found on the defendant's laptop between September 24, 2012 and August 21, 2013. Its columns identify transaction timestamps, transaction identifiers, and bitcoin amounts. The court received the exhibit over confrontation, foundation, and hearsay objections, while permitting renewal of the confrontation objection if cross-examination developed a basis.

Document used to attempt to refresh Duch's recollection — Counsel showed Duch the document on Day 8 about whether prosecutors had said they would consider filing prior-felony information, and on Day 9 about drugs he had reported purchasing on Silk Road. Duch did not recall the first statement and did not accept the proposed limitation on his reported purchases, saying he believed he had disclosed all the drugs he bought there.

Exhibit 117A — The court overruled the objections to Exhibit 117A for previously stated reasons and later clarified that the exhibit was not offered for the truth of its contents.

Exhibit 117B — The court ruled that Exhibit 117B was not offered for the truth of its contents and referred to its existing limiting instruction during the hearsay discussion.

Exhibit 936 — Brian Shaw distinguished the single public post from private messages drawn from the marketplace and forum databases on the servers he reviewed. On recross-examination on Day 10, he confirmed that the blue and white sections represented separate conversations.

Forbes interview — The defense described an August 2013 Forbes interview by Andy Greenberg with someone claiming to be Dread Pirate Roberts and proposed questioning Der-Yeghiayan about his reported conclusion that the interviewee sounded like Mark Karpeles. After outlining a narrower questioning route on Day 3, the court ruled on Day 4 that the interview content was hearsay and the agent's subjective belief was irrelevant.

Government Exhibit 125b — The forum post announced that its author would use the name Dread Pirate Roberts. On Day 2, the court identified Rule 803 business-record or Rule 801 grounds only for the passage equating the speaker with Silk Road, to the extent it was offered for its truth, subject to an eventual identity connection.

Government Exhibit 125h — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed the exhibit's August 2011 date during cross-examination on Day 3. On Day 2, the court applied its business-record rationale to the statements about forgeries to the extent they were offered for their truth.

Government Exhibit 126a — During cross-examination on Day 4, Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that the communication introduced Cirrus as the former Scout and predated his operation of the account. The court identified coconspirator-statement and business-record grounds if any portion was offered for its truth, while noting that the communication was principally offered for the fact that it was said.

Government Exhibit 502 — Beeson explained that the printed imaging log showed an MD5 checksum calculated when the 16-gigabyte thumb-drive data was copied and a matching value on reverification. The court admitted the report without objection on Day 6.

Government Exhibit 620A — The spreadsheet summarizes 3,760 transfers from September 2012 through August 2013, totaling a rounded 700,254 bitcoins from Silk Road addresses to addresses found on the defendant's laptop. It values those transfers at about $13 million using each transaction day's CoinDesk closing price. The court received the exhibit over defense objections and permitted renewal of the Crawford objection if cross-examination developed a basis.

Government Exhibit 620B — The chart attributes a rounded 700,254 bitcoins, almost 89 percent of receipts at laptop addresses, to direct one-to-one transfers from Silk Road Marketplace. Its remaining segment represents 89,854 bitcoins that Yum could not directly link to Silk Road, not funds established to have another source. The court admitted the chart over renewed defense objections.

Government Exhibit 801A — The stipulation describes testimony Miller would give about Government Exhibit 801, a chart covering 52 substances submitted for DEA laboratory testing, all but one of which tested positive for illegal drugs. The court received both exhibits without objection on Day 2. The defense subsequently clarified that its agreement did not withdraw objections to the underlying materials' connection to the charged conspiracies.

Government Exhibit 806 — The statement showed a June 2012 account balance of $1,347.24. The court received it subject to a stipulation on Day 8, and Government Exhibit 806A later set out the expected testimony of a USAA records custodian.

Government Exhibit 808 — The exhibit includes subscriber information and a transaction log listing transaction dates, times, amounts and resulting account balances. Alford identified a balance of $46.89 as of June 7, 2012, during his Day 8 testimony.

Government Exhibit 940A — The chart compares approximately $182 million in sales categorized under drugs or pharmaceuticals with about $8.5 million in other categorized sales. The drug grouping excluded the separate medical-supplies and medical-equipment categories. On cross-examination, Shaw said the null category appeared in Exhibit 940A but not the pie chart, and approximately agreed that uncategorized transactions accounted for 11 or 12 percent of all transactions.

Government Exhibit 940D — The chart lists 1,530,252 transactions involving 115,391 purchasing accounts and 3,748 selling accounts. It reports sales of 9,912,070 bitcoins with a recorded dollar equivalent of $213,888,103, and commissions of 642,455 bitcoins with a recorded dollar equivalent of $13,174,896. Shaw testified that the dollar figures reflected database values at the time of transactions, not later bitcoin appreciation.

Government Exhibit 940H — The chart estimated drug weights using average transaction prices derived from a sample of 100 items. On Day 10, the court initially declined to receive it on the foundation presented, then required the sample, an explanation of the sampling program, and data beyond the sample. The exhibit remained excluded after the government declined to provide the underlying data.

Indictment — The court told jurors on Day 1 that the indictment was an accusation, not proof, and that Ulbricht had pleaded not guilty. During the Day 9 charge conference, counsel disputed the conspiracy-to-aid-and-abet theory and whether particular continuing-criminal-enterprise violations had to be specified; those issues remained unresolved in that discussion.

Passport — Der-Yeghiayan testified on Day 5 that the passport would not contain stamps for trips taken before its April 26, 2012, issue date. On recross-examination, he clarified that Ulbricht's database travel history was not based on that passport or limited to its period of coverage.

Verdict form — The verdict form listed the seven counts separately and included drug-type and quantity questions to be answered only after a guilty finding on the relevant narcotics count. The court required unanimous findings beyond a reasonable doubt and explained that quantity findings concerned stated thresholds rather than exact totals.

120 — The guide instructed sellers to remove identifying image metadata and conceal package contents while maintaining a businesslike exterior. Der-Yeghiayan described observable similarities between its packaging instructions and packages seized at O'Hare.

128A — Der-Yeghiayan identified the map as a fair and accurate depiction of the area surrounding the arrest location. The court received Exhibit 128A without objection on Day 2.

2010–2012 journal entries on the defendant's laptop — Turner described journal entries about developing and launching Silk Road, selling mushrooms through the site, adding features, hiring help, and continuing work into 2012. He argued that personal details and related emails identified Ulbricht as their author.

229D — Howard read the exchange between inigo and a participant labeled Myself, who discussed maintaining a modest lifestyle, concealing work from family and friends, and running a multimillion-dollar criminal enterprise. The government rested immediately afterward.

242 — The court found that the foundation resolved the weekly report's authentication issue. Howard confirmed that Exhibit 242 was not offered for the truth of its contents.

255 — The court identified hearsay as the only objection to the weekly to-do list. It ruled that the hearsay rules did not apply because Exhibit 255 was not offered for the truth of its contents.

307 — The email discussed a haircut and included a photograph attachment. Alford testified about the attachment after Exhibit 307 was received in evidence on Day 7.

308-A — The Shroomery message addressed Altoid at RossUlbricht@Gmail.com and gave January 27, 2011 as the account-creation date, matching the registration date shown on the Altoid post. The court admitted the email but not for the truth of its contents.

308-B — The February 9, 2011 message to RossUlbricht@Gmail.com addressed Altoid, reported a spamming infraction, and reproduced a post asking about Silk Road and providing access links. The court treated the challenged email as authenticated but did not admit it for the truth of its contents.

309 — The exchange began with a September 24, 2010 message from Ross Ulbricht asking whether a Tor hidden service could be set up on the recipient's servers. The response declined and suggested Freedom Hosting or KOGEOX.

311 — Alford identified an email from Peter to Ross Ulbricht using the name Rossty Frosty and said he found other similar emails in the account. The court received Exhibit 311 over hearsay and authentication objections.

312 — The Amazon order email listed a Samsung laptop priced at $1,153.98. Alford compared that price with a $1,150 laptop entry in the expense spreadsheet and noted that the amounts differed by less than $4.

312C — Alford described three $500 Amazon gift-card purchases dated April 25, 2012 while explaining how the laptop purchase was paid for. Their $1,500 total differed from the laptop's $1,153.98 price, and the exchange did not reconcile the difference.

314 — The July 6, 2010 correspondence concerned an $825 two-bedroom country home in Bastrop. Ulbricht asked whether the house remained available, and the reply requested a callback number.

315-A — The October 1, 2009 shipment email listed a HEPA filter with a total cost of $88.94, which Alford compared with a $89 spreadsheet entry. The court admitted the challenged email but not for the truth of its contents.

315-B — The August 16, 2010 Amazon email listed a cool mist humidifier for $33.42. Alford compared that amount with a $33 spreadsheet entry; the court admitted the challenged email but not for the truth of its contents.

322 — The exchange between Ross Ulbricht and Joseph concerned identifying leading statisticians for consultation. Alford testified that the email contained the same language as a Tor chat discussed immediately beforehand.

329 — The confirmation for Ross Ulbricht listed outbound travel from Austin to Australia on November 15, 2011 and return travel on April 3, 2012. Turner presented the itinerary after a chat reference to upcoming travel.

330 — The December 15, 2011 email from Cally Ulbricht provided houseboating instructions and listed Ross Ulbricht on Boat 2 for both days. Turner presented it after reading a chat about being unavailable from Friday until Sunday.

333A — Alford confirmed that the Google login records were part of a larger subpoena production covering login times over a longer period.

35 — After counsel replaced an initially supplied document with material called 35, Yum said the described November 22, 2013 transaction, quickly divided into three smaller transactions, looked familiar.

3500 material that Dratel said contained 5,000 pages and was disclosed December 31 — Dratel said the material comprised 5,000 pages disclosed on December 31 and characterized the information as Brady material. The court stated that appropriate 3500 procedures had been followed and that disclosure occurred before trial; Dratel agreed about the procedures.

3500 material that the defense argued gave the government advance knowledge of the questioning — Dratel argued that the government's familiarity with the material gave it advance knowledge of his questioning and that its delayed objections unfairly disrupted the defense examination. He maintained that the failure to object contemporaneously constituted waiver.

3501-0002 — After reviewing the document, Alford acknowledged referring to Ulbricht as the original DPR on December 30, 2013. He nevertheless denied finding evidence that more than one person was DPR.

3505-00775 — After reviewing the document, Der-Yeghiayan recalled the profile-viewing activity but could not identify the account's operator. He suspected another law-enforcement user but acknowledged that it could have been anyone.

3505-300 — Counsel asked Der-Yeghiayan to read a bracketed passage silently and indicate when he had finished.

3505-3051 — After reviewing the material during Day 5 recross-examination, Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that passport stamps matched database travel records, while cautioning that stamps need not document every entry.

3505-3085 through 3092 — Der-Yeghiayan acknowledged that, based on connections listed in the draft, he had been prepared to swear there was probable cause to believe Karpeles was involved as Silk Road's head.

3505-3602 — Counsel directed Der-Yeghiayan to the last paragraph when asking about a December 30, 2011 change. Der-Yeghiayan recalled a change and said he believed it allowed multiple accounts to deposit bitcoins.

3505-787 — The August 2013 email referred to a change in DPR in April without specifying a year. Dratel pressed an April 2013 reading, while Der-Yeghiayan thought the reference meant April 2012.

3511-38 — Dratel initially supplied 3511-38 to refresh Yum's recollection, then identified it as the wrong document and replaced it with material he called 35.

3512-1 — Page three of Beeson's notes in 3512-1 refreshed his recollection of an error during the tar process. Beeson confirmed that the message reported a file changing while being read and an exit with failure status due to previous errors.

3513-65 — Bates confirmed that 3513-65 required his assistance to follow the specific instructions and control of the United States Attorney's Office and designated investigators. He also said it sounded correct that, if the government determined he had violated the agreement and chose to prosecute him, his statements could be used against him.

3514-10 — Dratel used 3514-10 to question Duch about his October 2014 accounts of drug sales and drug use. Duch denied initially saying he sold drugs only on Silk Road. He acknowledged describing drug use in 2007 or 2008 but distinguished renewed use from first use and ultimately expressed uncertainty about his interview wording.

3514-14 — After initially saying he did not recall a 1997 misdemeanor drug-possession conviction, Duch reviewed the first highlighted entry in 3514-14 and acknowledged it.

940B — During the final valuation question on Day 10, Dratel asked whether later bitcoin appreciation would be reflected on 940B. Shaw answered that, to his understanding, the value recorded in the database did not change.

940I — Shaw explained that the estimate assumed every drug sale occurred at the highest price found in a random sample, rather than the average price. He participated in preparing Exhibit 940I. The court ultimately kept it excluded after the government declined to provide the required underlying data.

Affidavit concerning Mr. Karpeles, his email accounts, website connections, programming background, and an informant — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed swearing that he believed Karpeles controlled silkroadmarket.org and tuxtele.com and that Karpeles's programming background suited him to operating an e-commerce site such as Silk Road. The affidavit also cited a confidential informant; the court sustained an objection before the witness answered what the informant reportedly said about bitcointalk.org.

Affidavit stating that MediaWiki 1.17 was not widely used by forum administrators — Der-Yeghiayan acknowledged swearing that MediaWiki 1.17 was not commonly used by forum administrators, with the affidavit framing that statement as based on his training and experience. He also acknowledged that he had not personally perceived the platform's prevalence.

Agent emails and reports in the 3500 materials containing a profile of Mr. Athavale and writing-analysis summaries — Dratel described agent materials containing IP addresses, usernames and comparisons of writing styles, spelling and word usage, with some portions redacted. The court allowed factual questions about names, verification efforts and specific wording, but excluded conclusions about authorship, shared writing style or DPR's identity.

Application for the Island of Dominica containing personal identifying information and references — Kiernan confirmed that the Dominica application listed personal references and said he had not personally checked its identifying information. The court sustained an objection to a question asking whether any information was inaccurate.

Authentic U.S. passport seized from Mr. Ulbricht's residence — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that the passport was an authentic U.S. passport.

Bates's nonprosecution agreement — Bates understood that the agreement required him to meet with prosecutors and testify truthfully. In return, he understood that he would not be prosecuted for technical assistance used to run Silk Road, work on a proposed bitcoin exchange or personal-use drug purchases.

Buyer's guide description of the bitcoin tumbler — The buyer's guide described routing payments through a semi-random sequence of dummy transactions using new, one-use receiving addresses. During closing argument, Turner cited that description as a mechanism intended to make payments harder to trace.

Carnegie Mellon report analyzing marketplace feedback — Der-Yeghiayan said he reviewed Carnegie Mellon's analysis based on marketplace feedback when asked whether he had studied transaction volume over time. He also distinguished that work from later results obtained from servers.

Chart estimating 3.1 kilograms of heroin sold — Duch agreed that the chart estimated he had sold 3.1 kilograms of heroin. Counsel contrasted that amount with the threshold of more than 100 grams associated with his five-to-forty-year charging range.

Civil forfeiture complaint signed by Agent Alford — Alford's sworn civil forfeiture complaint incorporated a criminal complaint sworn by another agent. The court left ordinary impeachment available with an appropriate foundation, declined to resolve the government's proposed limits without an identified inconsistency, and deferred affirmative use as a potential government admission.

Complaint material that defense counsel said he would read separately — At sidebar, Dratel said he would not question Prince about the complaint and would instead read the material separately. The court agreed to that approach.

Complaint Paragraph 22C, permitted for impeachment with a decision on reading it as a party admission deferred — The court clarified that the defense could use Paragraph 22C for impeachment while the current witness remained on the stand. It deferred deciding whether the paragraph could be read independently as a party admission, while expressing an inclination to allow that use.

Complaint passage estimating $1.2 billion in revenue and $79.8 million in commissions at then-current bitcoin exchange rates — The complaint passage estimated roughly $1.2 billion in revenue and $79.8 million in commissions using bitcoin exchange rates current when the complaint was sworn. Turner explained that later figures valued transactions at their individual sale dates. The court requested supporting authority and deferred a decision on independent admission of the passage.

Contract Ross sent Bates that Bates said he never signed — Bates said Ulbricht sent him a contract after disagreements about their bitcoin-exchange project. Bates testified that he neither replied to the message nor signed the contract.

Copy of the indictment intended for the jury room — The court invited counsel to inspect the indictment to confirm that it was the correct version. The court said the copy would accompany the jurors into the jury room at the appropriate time.

Court Exhibit 1 — The court stated on Day 12 that it had received the foreperson's note at 3:23 p.m. and directed that the jury be brought into court.

Court Exhibit 2 — After dismissing the jury on Day 12, the court announced that the verdict form had been marked as Court Exhibit 2 and would be posted to the docket.

Court order identifying shaded portions of testimony to be struck — The court said an order filed on ECF identified shaded portions of testimony to be struck and directed the court reporters to remove those portions. The discussion separately addressed how the jury should be instructed.

Craigslist ad for an available room — Kincaid testified that his household posted an advertisement when a room became available. Ulbricht was among the people who viewed the room and ultimately chose to move in.

Credit cards and bank statements found in Mr. Ulbricht's bedroom — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that credit cards and bank statements were found in Ulbricht's bedroom and investigated. The questioning addressed efforts to learn about Ulbricht's money and possible bitcoin cash-outs.

Criminal complaint incorporated into the civil forfeiture complaint — The court noted that Alford's civil forfeiture complaint incorporated a document sworn by a different agent, and Turner identified it as the attached criminal complaint. The parties disputed whether its statements could be used through Alford for impeachment or as government admissions; the court left properly founded impeachment available and deferred affirmative admission issues.

Criminal complaint passages the defense sought to read, including paragraph 22C's $79.8 million commissions figure; the court allowed readings with source-labeling and contextual restrictions — The court allowed faithful recitations of Silk Road posts but directed counsel not to identify the complaint as their source. It also allowed the $79.8 million commissions passage with its full temporal context and agreed to give an instruction against inferring inconsistency.

Crumpled notes about the Silk Road seller rating system recovered from the residence — In closing argument, Turner described crumpled notes found in the residence's trash as concerning a revamp of Silk Road's seller rating system. He said specific terminology matched a September 12 forum post about planned rating changes.

Defense character-evidence instruction with additions from the Sands instruction — The court accepted a separate instruction addressing reputation evidence for peacefulness and nonviolence, adding language that such testimony was not an opinion on guilt and that guilt was for the jury alone to decide. Dratel objected to the added language.

Defense Exhibit C — Defense counsel described Exhibit C as formerly Government Exhibit 243 and said he had printed it from a government disk; the prosecution disputed whether the copy was the same. The court continued reviewing the disputed document.

Defense Exhibit I — During Jared Der-Yeghiayan's recross-examination on Day 5, counsel used the paragraph to refresh his recollection of the government's commission calculation. The document was marked for identification but was not admitted at that time.

Defense Exhibit K — When shown page two during cross-examination on Day 7, Beeson acknowledged searching for application manuals for MEMDUM and FMEM but could not recall whether he found a MEMDUM manual.

Defense exhibit list — Defense counsel said the exhibit list needed revisions and requested an opportunity to provide it. The court directed counsel to arrange the lists together and said any single list should include both sides' exhibits.

Defense Exhibit N — Alford recognized the statement but could not say that he had seen it on the laptop. The court received Defense Exhibit N over the prosecution's scope objection.

Defense Exhibit O — Alford acknowledged that the records represented four-day login gaps, including June 24 through June 28, but believed they came from a different subpoena production than his exhibit. Whether email activity occurred during the specified gaps remained unresolved.

Defense letter seeking admission of inigo's reported statement or a missing-witness instruction — The defense letter requested permission to read inigo's reported statement from a December 29 government disclosure letter or, alternatively, a missing-witness instruction. The court treated the hearsay question and the alternative instruction request as separate inquiries.

Defense supplemental instructions numbers two, three, four and five — The court declined to include supplemental defense instructions two through five. It found the proposed language legally incorrect, confusing, misleading or argumentative, and rejected instruction five as inapplicable to the chat statements rather than a law-enforcement confession.

Defense's written proposed instruction concerning objections — The proposed instruction explained that objections were appropriate and that jurors should draw no inference from objections or the court's rulings. Turner did not object, and the court agreed to use Dratel's wording; the instruction was not delivered during this discussion.

Der-Yeghiayan's memorandum and chronology of concerns about Baltimore's investigation — Der-Yeghiayan acknowledged writing a lengthy memorandum with a chronology explaining what had occurred and the problems he saw in Baltimore's investigation.

Der-Yeghiayan's report on the writing comparison — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed writing a report about a comparison that included spelling alot as one word and references to paleo human. He also said he believed the writings used the same expletive.

Der-Yeghiayan's search-warrant affidavit concerning Karpeles, described by defense counsel as supporting proposed cross-examination — Defense counsel described the affidavit as asserting probable cause to believe Karpeles operated Silk Road and used it to sell narcotics, citing software similarities and technical expertise. The government raised competency and hearsay objections, and the court outlined permissible questions about personal observations while leaving the broader dispute open for written submissions.

Document described in a log entry as a leaked FBI document about Tor vulnerabilities — The log entry reported that an Atlantis team member attributed the site's shutdown to a leaked FBI document detailing Tor vulnerabilities.

Document reference 2935 through 36 — The document was shown during Der-Yeghiayan's cross-examination to refresh his recollection concerning Richard Bates. Der-Yeghiayan said Gary Alford had brought a possible Bates-related lead to his attention, rather than describing it as part of his own investigation.

Document reference 3501-207 through -263 — Counsel used the civil forfeiture complaint and incorporated criminal complaint to question Alford about their description of Silk Road's sophistication and an approximate June 18, 2011 creation date. Alford characterized the date as his belief at the time.

Document reference 3505-3004 — After reviewing highlighted portions on Day 4, Der-Yeghiayan described the reported FBI shutdown plan as a rumor he had heard from another HSI office.

Document reference 3505-319 — Der-Yeghiayan described the discussion as addressing a planned Baltimore-Chicago meeting, information sharing, and efforts to bridge investigative differences surrounding Ulbricht's arrest.

Document reference 3505-3767 — After the court cautioned him not to assume, Der-Yeghiayan reviewed the first paragraph and confirmed that subpoenas had revealed an open MySQL port.

Document reference 3505-605 — Dratel presented 3505-605 for impeachment after Der-Yeghiayan denied involvement in the initial server capture. Der-Yeghiayan acknowledged recommending an imaging time with little administrative activity and later distinguished imaging the servers from ending the site's operation.

Document reference 3508-2 — The document marked 3508-2 was shown with 3508-7 as recording an earlier account that Ulbricht had his back to Kiernan and was looking out a window. Kiernan did not deny making the statement but expressed uncertainty about the documents.

Document reference 3508-7 — The document marked 3508-7 was shown with 3508-2 as recording an earlier account that Ulbricht had his back to Kiernan and was looking out a window. Kiernan acknowledged what the documents said but conditioned his acceptance of the earlier statement on uncertainty about what the documents were.

Document reference 3513-55 — The government interview report marked 3513-55 was used to question whether Bates initially denied knowing about Ulbricht's bitcoin business. Bates allowed that he might have contradicted himself but maintained that he told investigators, as they were leaving, about their unfinished bitcoin exchange.

Document reference 3513-64 — Dratel showed Bates a bracketed passage in 3513-64 while asking about a proposed 60 percent ownership share for Ulbricht and 40 percent for Bates. Bates said those figures sounded correct and referred to a separate written contract specifying the split.

Document shown to Kincaid to refresh his recollection — Howard showed Kincaid a document after asking whether he had told an FBI agent that he barely spoke with the defendant while they lived together. Kincaid said the document did not refresh his memory.

Domain-name list and subpoena returns listing Anand Athavale's known IP addresses — Der-Yeghiayan recalled that Athavale's domain-name list was four pages long and confirmed that the known IP addresses returned through subpoenas occupied half a page.

DPR forum posts and other DPR material identified by the prosecution as comparison material — The prosecution identified DPR forum posts and other available DPR material as the writings compared with mises.org posts. The court permitted questions about specific word usage and verification efforts, but not a conclusion that the writings shared the same style.

Draft jury instructions revised for wording, materials not sent to the jury room, and unanimity on Count Four's continuing series of violations — The court directed three unopposed revisions: replacing adage with phrase, using actual computer hard drives rather than seized narcotics as an example of material not going to the jury room, and clarifying Count Four's unanimity requirement. The court said these changes would appear in the version intended for delivery.

Draft jury instructions with proposed changes and comments — The court reviewed a combined draft containing proposed changes and comments, with the government cautioning that uncommented edits were not necessarily agreed. The court accepted additional intentional-distribution language and several evidentiary and conspiracy revisions, while leaving disputes about intent wording, drug-type and quantity knowledge, and multiple conspiracies unresolved.

Driver's license, credit cards and bank statements used to identify Mr. Ulbricht's bedroom — Der-Yeghiayan testified that he identified Ulbricht's bedroom from personal effects there, including a driver's license, passport, credit cards, and bank statements.

Dwolla spreadsheet of credits and debits in the Mutum Sigillum account — Der-Yeghiayan described the spreadsheet as covering all credits and debits in the Mutum Sigillum Dwolla account. He recalled roughly 20 transactions bearing Ulbricht's name, generally around $1,000 with one of a few hundred dollars, and believed they extended over a couple of years. He said those amounts did not compare with the other accounts.

Employee handbook containing the vacation-time policy discussed with the juror — Juror No. 4 questioned an employee-handbook policy requiring vacation time for jury service and said she had not known about it. The court said it would recheck the policy question, and the juror denied that using vacation time would prevent her from being fair.

Exhibit 116A — Defense counsel argued that the screenshot did not demonstrate whether advertised offerings were genuine rather than scams. The court declined to find the objections waived but overruled them for reasons previously stated.

Exhibit 116B — Defense counsel questioned whether the screenshot proved genuine offers and disputed its treatment as conspiracy evidence. The court treated the objections as preserved but overruled them under its earlier rulings.

Exhibit 118 — Defense counsel said he believed the court had already addressed Exhibit 118 with the jury; that exchange did not specify the content of any instruction concerning it.

Exhibit 125A — The June 18, 2011 post announced separate forum hosting and logins, described restoration from backups, and offered a four-day grace period before order disputes were automatically resolved. Defense counsel read the already-admitted post on Day 11.

Exhibit 125E — After defense counsel read an October 22, 2011 staff post describing the site's return on a new server, the prosecution said most of that post appeared in Exhibit 125E.

Exhibit 127A — The court identified Rule 801 as the basis for its ruling on Exhibit 127A.

Exhibit 127B — The court stated that Exhibit 127B was not offered for the truth of the statements asserted.

Exhibit 127C — The court explained that Exhibit 127C was not offered for the truth of the statements asserted.

Exhibit 127D — The court stated that Exhibit 127D was not offered for the truth of the statements asserted.

Exhibit 134 — During recross on Day 5, Jared Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that the passport had stamps from Australia, Dominica, and Costa Rica, while cautioning that countries do not always stamp passports upon entry.

Exhibit 151 — Dratel said he received Exhibit 151 during examination, and Turner said he received it then as well. The court tentatively characterized the document as rebuttal material and ordered no specific remedy.

Exhibit N — The prosecution anticipated relevance and hearsay objections to Exhibit N. The court conditionally permitted identification of documents personally reviewed on the hard drives while reserving consideration of relevance objections.

Final and as-delivered jury-charge versions, written objections, and proposed defense instructions — The court explained that counsel had received final and as-delivered charge versions reflecting revisions. It confirmed that previously stated objections were preserved and said the written submissions, proposed defense instructions, and revisions would be placed on the docket to provide a complete record.

Government email identifying proposed transcript excerpts to be stricken — The government's email proposed transcript passages for striking under the court's earlier ruling. The court found the selections consistent with that ruling but agreed to review individual questions and answers again; it deferred the precise transcript designations and a general jury instruction.

Government Exhibit 125a — On Day 2, the defense renewed its objection to Government Exhibit 125a. The court overruled the authentication objection and held that the statements fell outside the hearsay rules because they were offered for the fact that the words were said, not for their truth.

Government Exhibit 125g — On Day 2, the court said the exhibit was not necessarily offered to prove that Dread Pirate Roberts received reports from his representatives, but would qualify as a business record subject to connection if offered for that purpose.

Government Exhibit 125j — The court treated portions of Government Exhibit 125j offered for their truth as a business record, explaining that the document conveyed an overall inference about taking commissions rather than an explicit statement to that effect. The court later confirmed that it had nothing to add to that ruling.

Government Exhibit 125k — The court stated that Exhibit 125k was not offered for the truth of its contents.

Government Exhibit 125l — The court applied Rule 801 or 803 to the portions potentially offered for their truth, subject to later connection of the DPR identity. It distinguished those statements from much of the exhibit, which was not offered for its truth.

Government Exhibit 126c — The court classified Exhibit 126c as a business record during its Day 2 explanation of evidentiary rulings.

Government Exhibit 126d — The court stated that Exhibit 126d was not offered for the truth of its contents.

Government Exhibit 134A — Jared Der-Yeghiayan identified the passport while describing personal effects used to identify Ulbricht's bedroom. The court received the passport and photographs of its pages without objection.

Government Exhibit 151 — The email asks how to upgrade memory for an AutoVPS virtual private server. The court received it after Jared Der-Yeghiayan identified Google's search-warrant results as its source.

Government Exhibit 205A or 201 — Thomas Kiernan confirmed that the material had a SHA field but that he used MD5. He acknowledged a known MD5 collision problem, which he described as a long shot, and agreed that SHA1 was more reliable while describing both methods as very reliable.

Government Exhibit 226B — On Day 9, Howard read portions dated December 28, 2011, and January 9, 2012, from pages 211 and 273–274 of a 1,096-page chat log. The passages discuss commission policies, sanctions for payments outside escrow, and notices directing buyers to report such requests.

Government Exhibit 242 — The report describes users falling for fake Silk Road phishing sites and lists a vendor demotion for out-of-escrow deals; its metadata gives January 5, 2013, as both the creation and last-edit date. The court received the exhibit and later clarified that it was not offered for the truth of its contents.

Government Exhibit 255 — The list begins with employee payments, including $1,500 each for inigo and libertas and $1,000 for cirrus; its metadata gives an October 1, 2013, saved date. The court received the exhibit but stated that it was not offered for the truth of its contents.

Government Exhibit 298 — Kiernan identified the log.txt file within the decrypted backup.tar.gz file on the thumb drive and testified that its metadata showed a September 20, 2013, saved date. The court received the exhibit without objection on Day 6.

Government Exhibit 323 — The correspondence includes a response reporting improvement after taking Nyquil and sleeping well. The court received the email over hearsay and authentication objections.

Government Exhibit 500A — Beeson identified the list as a document he created containing every supplied file's name and hash value, and explained that even a tiny file change would produce a substantially different hash. The court received the list without objection on Day 6.

Government Exhibit 604A — During testimony on Day 9, Ilhwan Yum explained that the source values represented the server's hard drive and the verification values represented his image copy. He testified that the SHA1 and MD5 values matched.

Government Exhibit 605A — Ilhwan Yum testified that the log showed MD5 and SHA1 values, no copying errors, and a true and accurate copy of the original. The court received Government Exhibit 605A without objection on Day 9.

Government Exhibit 610 — Ilhwan Yum testified that the exhibit showed bitcoins sent from an address located on Silk Road servers to an address found on the defendant's laptop. The court received the entire one-page exhibit as a summary under Rule 1006.

Government Exhibit 620C — Ilhwan Yum identified the index's date and closing-price columns and confirmed that it accurately summarized CoinDesk pricing information. The court admitted it without objection on Day 9.

Government Exhibit 703A — Michael Duch prepared the summary using a trial-adjusted quantity column that included extra bags, reporting 2,414 orders and 31,827 heroin bags for April through September 2013. He confirmed an average of about 10 milligrams per bag and agreed with an estimated total of 3.18 kilograms, but the examination did not reconcile those figures.

Government Exhibit 703B — Duch testified on Day 8 that he extracted the cities and states where he shipped heroin, producing a destination list covering locations spread across the country.

Government Exhibit 801 — The chart lists seizure numbers, testing dates, net weights, detected drugs, purchase dates and vendors. The accompanying stipulation describes Heather M. Miller's expected testimony that all but one of the 52 substances tested positive for illegal drugs; Jared Der-Yeghiayan confirmed the purchase-date and vendor columns.

Government Exhibit 802 — The spreadsheet lists purchase and delivery dates, vendor usernames, drugs ordered, laboratory-testing dates, net weights and drugs detected. The accompanying stipulation states that all substances received and submitted for testing tested positive for illegal drugs, without stating that all eight attempts resulted in delivery.

Government Exhibit 920A — Brian Shaw testified on Day 9 that he took the screenshot and that the table stored messages in the databases he reviewed. The court admitted the screenshot over a renewed defense objection.

Government Exhibit 930 — The message attributes the suspension to accepting payments outside the site's checkout system and offers reinstatement if the vendor repays lost commissions and follows seller rules.

Government Exhibit 931 — The message accuses SweFarmacy of exploiting a software bug and demands repayment. It threatens to obtain the recipient's mailing address from other vendors and track the recipient down if the money is not returned.

Government Exhibit 932 — The message asks supercanna for information to locate expurdue and recover funds, alleging that expurdue exploited a vulnerability in the site.

Government Exhibit 933 — The message acknowledges a failure to notify vendors of a commission increase, discusses the effect on gold's exchange business and describes plans for a separate money-exchange section.

Government Exhibit 940 — The chart totals 1,530,252 transactions with recorded sales of 9,912,070.05 bitcoins and $213,888,103, and recorded commissions of 642,455.36 bitcoins and $13,174,896. It includes approximately $22 million in transactions whose categories could not be determined. Brian Shaw explained that the dollar totals sum values recorded at each transaction's time, rather than applying one later bitcoin price.

Government Exhibit 940B — The chart lists 3,642 transactions in the fake IDs category, 3,487 in forgeries and 103 in passports, totaling 7,232 transactions and over $1 million in recorded sales revenue.

Government Exhibit 940C — The chart totals 32,820 transactions and $3,273,833 in database-recorded sales revenue across money, digital currencies, gold, bullion and silver categories.

Government Exhibit 940F — The map marks in green countries self-reported by at least ten users who sold items on the Marketplace, and the court received it over objection during Brian Shaw's Day 10 direct testimony.

Government Exhibit 940G — The world map marks in red countries self-reported by more than 100 users who purchased items on the Marketplace, and the court received it over objection during Brian Shaw's Day 10 direct testimony.

Government Exhibit 940I — The proposed chart used total sales revenue and the sample's highest price per weight to estimate drug quantities. On Day 10, the court required the sample, an explanation of the sampling program and data beyond the sample so the exercise could be replicated. The chart remained excluded after the government declined to provide the underlying data, and the court closed the issue without further briefing.

Government exhibit index — The government offered an exhibit index after the jury retired to deliberate. The court required agreement on exhibit names and directed that any combined list include the defense's list as well.

Government letter applying to strike testimony — The court cited the government's application to strike when explaining that counsel should have anticipated the possibility of testimony being removed. It denied the defense request to break until the following day and allowed questions to be rephrased immediately.

Government letter dated January 28, 2015 — The government's January 28, 2015 letter addressed, among other topics, a single-versus-multiple-conspiracies instruction. The defense requested time to respond, and the court sought supporting law or an explanation of why such an instruction was warranted in this single-defendant case.

Government letter of December 29 recounting inigo's statement — The December 29 government letter recounted a statement attributed to inigo that the defense sought to read into the record. Assuming the letter accurately recounted the statement and setting double hearsay aside, the court found that the statement was not against penal interest and lacked corroboration of the underlying communication. The court also found no basis for the requested missing-witness instruction.

Government letter relating to Defense Exhibit E — At the start of Day 10, the court identified the government's letter relating to Defense Exhibit E as a pending application before turning to the day's agenda.

Grand jury subpoena to Dwolla for Mutum Sigillum records — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that HSI Chicago issued a grand jury subpoena to Dwolla in May 2013. He testified that it sought records for Mutum Sigillum.

Guidelines for Evidence Collection and Archiving issued in 2002 — Counsel asked Beeson about the 2002 guidelines and a passage warning against programs that modify file access times. Beeson said he was not specifically familiar with the guidelines and did not know whether the archiving command had changed access times in this case.

Handwritten notes about the site that Dratel said were found in Ross' wastebasket — In his opening statement, Dratel said handwritten notes about the site had been found in Ulbricht's apartment wastebasket. He argued that leaving such notes conflicted with the government's portrayal of DPR's careful security practices.

Homeland Security travel records and Canadian customs and RCMP records concerning Anand Athavale — Der-Yeghiayan described records indicating border crossings initially around Toronto and later north of Vancouver. He testified that Canadian customs later confirmed Athavale's Canadian citizenship and that investigators also obtained RCMP records.

HSI travel records reviewed for Mr. Ulbricht — Der-Yeghiayan recalled seeing perhaps one or two trips per year in the HSI records he reviewed for Ulbricht. He clarified that those records covered travel to or from the United States, not travel between foreign countries.

Indictment to be sent to the jury room — During Day 11 preparations for deliberations, the court said the indictment had been left available for inspection and would be sent into the jury room.

Internet printouts discussed as material not offered for its truth — The court stated that the Internet printouts were not coming in for the truth of their contents. It discussed possible questioning about steps taken beyond printing them from the Internet and left further consideration of the documents for later.

Investigative chronology in which Dratel said Agent Der-Yeghiayan included the reported offer — Dratel argued that Der-Yeghiayan's inclusion of the reported offer in a detailed investigative chronology showed that he considered the information reliable. The court permitted questions about whether the agent believed his sources were reliable, without establishing that the offer had actually been made.

Investigative report listing websites agents were advised not to visit — Der-Yeghiayan testified that his report listed websites colleagues should not visit because visits might alert Karpeles to the investigation.

June 2013 communication about uncertainty over account operators — Der-Yeghiayan recognized the June 2013 communication and acknowledged that multiple accounts and uncertainty about who was communicating had complicated the situation.

June 5, 2011 website message announcing closure to visitors — The June 5, 2011 post announced that Silk Road was closed to visitors pending review on July 1. Der-Yeghiayan confirmed seeing the post but could not confirm an actual outage, and the court expressly distinguished the post's existence from its truth.

LinkedIn pages referenced by the prosecution as a comparison to the disputed online material — Turner invoked the LinkedIn pages while arguing that online documents should not reach the jury without satisfying applicable hearsay requirements.

Log entry dated May 13, 2013 concerning smed, a site outage, and illness — The displayed May 13, 2013 log entry described helping smed fight an attacker, a mostly unavailable site, and illness. Alford confirmed finding illness-related Gmail correspondence, but Turner's initial reference and the email he later read concerned May 3; the dates were not reconciled during redirect.

log.txt operating log — Turner described log.txt as an operating log on Ulbricht's computer with entries from March 20 through September 30, 2013, covering programming, site maintenance, and payments. He compared personal details with Ulbricht's emails and matched server-setup and wallet-transfer entries with technical records.

Mastering Bitcoin, cited by the defense as a book written by Mr. Antonopoulus — Lewis cited Mastering Bitcoin as a book written by Antonopoulus while arguing that the defense should have an opportunity to present fuller information about his qualifications.

mises.org posts associated with Anand Athavale's name, proposed for factual comparison; authorship disputed — The mises.org posts bore Anand Athavale's name, but their actual authorship was disputed. The court permitted questions about the displayed name, verification efforts, and specific word usage, while excluding conclusions about shared writing style and authorship.

Money order — Kincaid said it sounded right that the person to whom he sublet a room through Craigslist paid the first month's rent with a money order.

Mr. Antonopoulus' CV, described by the court as bare bones — The court described Antonopoulus' CV as bare bones and noted a generic reference to 200 articles without titles. The court found the qualifications submission insufficient and left the order precluding his proposed testimony in place.

Mr. Dratel's letter of January 9th — Dratel's January 9 letter raised a defense request that jurors read written chats rather than hear them read aloud. On Day 1, the court identified that request as an unresolved matter awaiting a government response.

Mr. Duch's cooperation agreement — Dratel said Duch signed a cooperation agreement in December while arguing that material concerning Duch might not have been presented to the grand jury before being used to establish a continuing series of narcotics violations.

Mr. Ulbricht's Mt. Gox account records — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed obtaining Ulbricht's Mt. Gox account records and said he believed they had been obtained through a subpoena.

Mr. Ulbricht's travel records — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed reviewing Ulbricht's travel records and said he believed they reflected roughly one trip per year, including a trip to Costa Rica.

Mr. Yum's report, whose 700,000-bitcoin figure the defense proffer challenged as potentially including repeated transfers — Yum's report included a 700,000-bitcoin figure that Dratel challenged during the Day 10 expert-testimony discussion. Dratel proffered that repeated transfers between Silk Road and a wallet, along with change handling, could inflate totals without representing that many distinct bitcoins.

MtGox records — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that he had reviewed MtGox records and examined how exchanges operated as part of his investigation.

Multipage document on Ross Ulbricht's laptop, called "LE Counterintelligence" in the court's approved language and "LE Counterintel" in the stipulation read to the jury; the stipulation described communications to DPR about law enforcement efforts — The parties stipulated that Ulbricht's laptop contained a multipage counterintelligence document with communications to DPR about law enforcement efforts, which the court's approved formulation described as purported. The stipulation stated that DPR learned in spring 2013 that investigators were seeking his identity and investigating the forum administrators, moderators, and bitcoin exchanges. It also stated that DPR paid for the information.

networth calculator spreadsheet — Turner described the networth calculator spreadsheet on Ulbricht's computer as listing assets, including an SR Inc. entry valued at $104 million. He compared its laptop, USAA, and PayPal entries with Ulbricht's personal records.

New York intelligence product disseminating information about seizures held for the Chicago investigation — Der-Yeghiayan testified that a New York intelligence product disseminated information about seizures already held for his investigation so other agencies could use them. He said uncoordinated action on those seizures could jeopardize more than a year's investigative work.

News article Bates recalled about Chuck Schumer calling for an FBI investigation — Bates recalled a news article, approximately in June 2011, about Chuck Schumer calling for an FBI investigation. He said it increased his discomfort and prompted him to warn Ulbricht that authorities were looking for him.

OpenID security literature attributed in defense questioning to researchers from Microsoft and the University of Indiana at Bloomington — Defense counsel asked Miller about OpenID security literature attributed to researchers from Microsoft and the University of Indiana at Bloomington. Miller said he had not actually read it, and the court allowed the familiarity question over an objection.

ops.txt file — Turner described ops.txt as a file on Ulbricht's computer containing information that appeared verbatim in DPR's messages concerning alleged murders-for-hire. He identified matching names and location details while comparing the file with communications between DPR and redandwhite.

Paper recovered from trash bearing vending-system formulas — Howard described paper recovered from trash as bearing formulas matching DPR's discussions of changes to Silk Road's vending system. During rebuttal, he argued that the paper could not plausibly be explained as planted evidence.

Passport used to identify Ross Ulbricht's bedroom — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed that a passport, credit cards, and other personal effects helped him identify Ulbricht's bedroom in the residence.

Passports shown during trial and the passport found at arrest — During closing argument, Dratel referred to passports shown at trial and asserted that the only passport found when Ulbricht was arrested was his own. He argued that Ulbricht had not fled or gone underground after his encounter with Homeland Security.

Proposed jury instructions — The court reviewed proposed instructions addressing conspiracy objects, venue, and other charged offenses on Day 9. It accepted reasonable-doubt language for conspiracy objects and a separate venue determination for each count, while deferring the single-versus-multiple-conspiracy question.

Proposed verdict form concerning the continuing criminal enterprise charge — The court asked counsel to consider whether the proposed form should separately identify supervisory or other findings required for a statutory minimum on the continuing criminal enterprise charge. The court expressed a preliminary view but announced no final decision.

Reports about a Homeland Security interview of Mr. Ulbricht — Der-Yeghiayan acknowledged reading reports of Homeland Security's interview of Ulbricht. The court sustained a hearsay objection to the subsequent question about whether the interview concerned a package shipped by a Silk Road vendor.

Screenshots concerning narcotics, computer hacking, and fraudulent identification documents — The screenshots depicted listings involving narcotics, computer hacking, and fraudulent identification documents. On Day 2, the court found sufficient evidence of conspiracies and statements in furtherance to address the hearsay objections, while emphasizing that these were not ultimate findings on the conspiracies.

Sealed portion of the transcript available for counsel's review — At the close of Day 4, the court said it had obtained the sealed transcript portion and invited counsel to obtain copies and identify any issues requiring discussion the next morning. The court announced no resolution of any such issues.

Search warrant application the defense sought to explore on cross-examination — On Day 4, the court ruled that much of the proposed questioning about the search warrant application was off limits because it would elicit beliefs, speculation, or legal conclusions. The court distinguished those questions from permissible questioning about directly observed facts relevant to the defense theory.

Search warrant for the residence search — Fine testified that the search of Ulbricht's residence following his October 1, 2013 arrest was conducted pursuant to a warrant. He also said the warrant covered the seizure of two USB drives found on the bedroom nightstand.

Seller's guide and Seller Agreement — During Day 11 closing argument, Turner described the seller's guide as prohibiting listings that directed customers to pay outside escrow, with loss of privileges as a consequence. He also described the Seller Agreement as a condition of creating a vendor account.

Silk Road seller's contract — During cross-examination, Duch agreed that the seller's contract emphasized the paramount importance of security. The question followed his acknowledgment that he took security measures for his online drug sales.

Silk Road staff forum posts dated December 1 and October 19, 21, and 22, 2011, read by defense counsel concerning a new URL, backups, servers, and site restoration — Dratel read Silk Road staff posts announcing a new URL in December 2011 and describing an October 2011 rebuild from backup, server configuration, and restoration of the site. The October posts also described using third parties to conceal operators' identities and obtaining a more powerful server.

Special verdict form addressing drug type and quantity — During the Day 8 charge conference, the court stated that jurors had to agree unanimously on the specific drug and whether the special-verdict quantity threshold was met or exceeded. The parties discussed how to convey that requirement, and final wording remained open.

sr accounting spreadsheet — During Day 11 closing argument, Turner described the laptop's sr accounting spreadsheet as covering expenses and commissions from July 2010 through July 2013. He pointed to entries for laboratory supplies and a laptop purchase that he said matched receipts in Ulbricht's Gmail account.

SSHD system manager's manual — Dratel asked Shaw about the SSHD manual while questioning the identifying function of text associated with an authorized key. Shaw said he was familiar with manual pages generally but had not reviewed that particular manual and could not confirm counsel's description of the comment field.

Subpoena returns concerning IP addresses associated with Mark Karpeles — Der-Yeghiayan testified that hosting-company subpoena returns verified approximately five pages of IP addresses associated with Karpeles. He said those returns contained nothing about Ulbricht.

Superseding Indictment — The court described the Superseding Indictment as the charging instrument containing seven counts and said a copy would accompany the jury. It instructed jurors that the indictment was only an accusation, was not evidence, and permitted no inference of guilt.

Texas driver license that Critten believed was legitimate and said Ulbricht retrieved to identify himself — Critten testified that Ulbricht went inside the house and returned with a Texas driver's license bearing his true name, Ross Ulbricht. Critten qualified his description by saying he believed the license was legitimate.

The government's sealed letter concerning Defense Exhibit E — The sealed letter prompted discussion of whether Defense Exhibit E was offered for its truth or another purpose. The government argued that no evidence substantially connected Athavale to the proposed alternative-perpetrator theory.

Thirteen copies of the verdict form, with signature lines for all twelve jurors and the foreperson — On Day 11, the court said it would send one verdict-form copy for each juror and an extra because jurors might mark their copies. The court also described adding signature lines for all twelve jurors and the foreperson.

Transcript pages 506 and 507, which the defense described as addressing the conduct of the investigation — Dratel cited pages 506 and 507 while objecting that proposed testimony deletions included factual questions and answers about the conduct of the investigation. The court said the government's selections were consistent with its ruling and would review the individual questions and answers again.

Transcripts of trial testimony — During the Day 12 instructions, the court told jurors that transcripts were available for testimony readbacks. It asked jurors to make any requests as specific as possible, including whether they wanted direct examination, cross-examination, or both.

Two documents relating to commissions — On Day 3, the court referred to two commission-related documents and noted that one described commissions taken when DPR was involved. The court considered that language alongside escrow and other marketplace features in explaining its evidentiary findings.

Two search-warrant drafts for Mr. Karpeles' Gmail accounts, one for the Northern District of California and one for the Southern District of New York — Der-Yeghiayan confirmed drafting Gmail search warrants concerning Karpeles on August 15, 2013, one for the Northern District of California and one for the Southern District of New York. His testimony identified drafts, not issued warrants.

Ulbricht's passport — Fine testified that agents located Ulbricht's bedroom through personal effects, including his passport and Texas driver's license, during the residence search following his October 1, 2013 arrest.

Ulbricht's Texas driver's license — Fine identified the Texas driver's license, together with Ulbricht's passport, as personal effects that helped agents locate his bedroom at 235 Monterey Boulevard in San Francisco.

Underlying bitcoin-analysis spreadsheets that Howard said were provided Sunday night, within hours of receipt — Howard said the government produced the detailed bitcoin-analysis spreadsheets on Sunday night, within hours of receiving them. Dratel sought more preparation time to examine the newly prepared analysis and its methodology.

Underlying writing materials proposed for comparison, including writing attributed to Anand Athavale and Dread Pirate Roberts — The proposed materials included writing attributed to Anand Athavale and Dread Pirate Roberts. The court requested the materials before deciding whether to permit factual questions about what the witness reviewed and compared.

Unsigned bitcoin-exchange contract described by Bates — Bates said he believed the unsigned contract specified his programming responsibilities for the proposed bitcoin exchange.

Vendor contracts — The vendor contracts had been introduced the previous day when the court cited them on Day 3 in explaining its ruling on narcotics screenshots.

Weekly reports found on the defendant's laptop — The weekly reports included dates in late 2012 and early 2013, and Kiernan said their modification dates were generally consistent with the dates in their titles and contents.

Writing-comparison analysis described by Dratel as the witness's analysis and by Turner as the defendant's own analysis — Dratel described a comparison of writing attributed to Anand Athavale and Dread Pirate Roberts as the witness's analysis, while Turner characterized it as the defendant's own analysis. The court excluded the witness's conclusions and assumptions while reserving whether factual questions about the underlying materials could be permitted.

Written jury instructions — Jurors received written instructions to follow during the court's oral charge and retain during deliberations. The court emphasized that its spoken instructions controlled.

Demonstratives (13)

Defense Exhibit B — The court admitted the bitcoin valuation graph on Day 3 after Jared Der-Yeghiayan said it looked accurate. During cross-examination on Day 10, Brian Shaw said that, to his understanding, database values remained unchanged after entry and did not reflect later appreciation.

Government Exhibit 106 — The court received the Tor network diagram as a demonstrative on Day 2. During cross-examination on Day 3, Jared Der-Yeghiayan cautioned that the diagram was not completely accurate when explaining hidden services and relays.

Government Exhibit 608 — The illustration uses Alice and Bob to explain wallet files, bitcoin addresses, private keys, and a simplified transfer of ten bitcoins. The court received it for demonstrative purposes on Day 9.

113A — Der-Yeghiayan explained that an out-of-escrow sale bypassed part of the charted process and sent money directly to the vendor outside Silk Road.

Defense investigator's proposed timeline, described by Lewis as a demonstrative using admitted exhibits; Turner challenged its use to summarize testimony — Lewis described the proposed timeline as an organizational demonstrative using admitted exhibits, while Turner objected that it resembled a closing presentation or summary of testimony. The court said a timeline could aid firsthand testimony but could not provide a narrative synthesis or draw inferences reserved for the jury. The court requested further materials and reserved further rulings.

Exhibit 609 — During his Day 9 testimony, Yum used a bank-account analogy to explain the marketplace addresses and laptop wallet addresses depicted on page four. Counsel identified Exhibit 609 as previously admitted for demonstrative purposes.

Government Exhibit 106D — The court received the simplified Tor network diagram for demonstrative purposes during Ilhwan Yum's Day 9 testimony, without objection.

Government Exhibit 113A — Der-Yeghiayan prepared the flow chart as an example of how a Silk Road payment would be conducted. The court received it as a demonstrative on Day 2 without objection.

Government Exhibit 609 — The illustration summarizes Yum's comparison of bitcoin addresses obtained from Silk Road Marketplace with addresses obtained from the defendant's laptop. The court received it for demonstrative purposes on Day 9 without objection to that use.

Government's opening demonstrative — The court permitted the demonstrative's use provided defense counsel had seen it and raised no objection.

Maps reflecting users' self-reported locations, whose lack of verification the defense challenged — The government explained that the maps reflected locations voluntarily reported by users, without verification. The defense challenged whether those reports could be treated as accurate locations.

Silk Road homepage displayed during the government's opening — Howard pointed to drug categories and advertisements he identified as cocaine and MDMA. He later returned to the homepage to highlight a greeting attributed to Dread Pirate Roberts.

Timeline the defense said it would not use during Bridget Prince's testimony — Dratel told the court that the defense would not use the timeline during Bridget Prince's testimony and had notified the government the previous night.

Testimony References (10)

Bates' testimony, cited by the defense as reporting that Ulbricht said he had given up or sold Silk Road — During Day 10 argument about an alternative perpetrator, Dratel cited Bates as reporting that Ulbricht had given up or sold Silk Road. The court clarified that the testimony concerned what Ulbricht had told Bates.

Defense proffer of a reported offer by Karpeles' attorneys to identify the Silk Road operator in exchange for leniency — On Day 3, Dratel sought admission of the reported offer, while Turner objected to multiple hearsay layers and inadequate notice under Rule 807. The court deferred a definitive admissibility ruling until Tuesday.

Earlier agent testimony expressing suspicions and conclusions, identified for striking — The court directed counsel to proceed as though passages identified in the government's email would be struck, subject to further review of individual questions and answers. Other testimony concerning MtGox and Mark Karpeles would remain, while the general jury instruction and precise transcript designations were deferred.

Earlier testimony containing questions and answers about the witness's beliefs, views, and suspicions — The court barred further questioning about the witness's subjective beliefs about culpability but permitted questions about facts he perceived and actions he took. It struck no earlier testimony at that time and asked counsel to identify specific passages rather than seek a global strike.

Michael Duch's testimony about heroin sales through Silk Road — Turner recounted Duch's testimony that within six weeks he was shipping around 500 glassine bags of heroin daily and generating $60,000 to $70,000 in monthly revenue. Turner also cited Duch's account of distributing over three kilograms of heroin through the site.

Mr. Der-Yeghiayan's prior testimony — The court cited Der-Yeghiayan's testimony about escrow, finalization, arbitration and undercover purchases that tested positive for the advertised narcotics in all but one instance. It applied a preponderance standard to its evidentiary findings, separate from proof of the substantive charges.

Mr. Kiernan's Tor chat experiment, as described by defense counsel — On Day 6, Dratel argued that restrictions on questions about the underlying program prevented him from testing the experiment's validity and sought a mistrial on that basis. The court maintained that its questioning limits reflected the scope of direct examination.

Mr. Yum's prior testimony, which the defense sought to rebut through Mr. Antonopoulus — Dratel described proposed opinions challenging whether possession of bitcoin keys demonstrated ownership or exclusive control and whether repeated transfers or change handling could inflate transaction totals. He sought a mistrial or permission to call Antonopoulus after the court had excluded the proposed expert.

Mr. Yum's testimony — The court characterized Yum's testimony as fact evidence, citing his firsthand knowledge and substantive involvement in the analysis and code logic. It denied the motion to strike.

Richard Bates's testimony about Silk Road conversations and chat identities — Turner recounted Bates's testimony that Ulbricht discussed Silk Road with him over many months in 2011, including commissions and hiring administrators. Turner also cited Bates's identification of Ulbricht as the participant labeled myself in their TorChat exchanges.

Stipulations (16)

Government Exhibit 803 — The stipulation described Exhibit 333A as Gmail subscriber information and a chart of login dates, times, and IP addresses from January 13 to June 20, 2013, automatically generated by Google's systems. The court received the stipulation into evidence on Day 8.

803 — The parties agreed that specified exhibits were true and accurate copies of emails in rossulbricht@gmail.com as of December 3, 2013, including stored Google Talk chat logs. Turner read that portion of the stipulation during Gary Luis Alford's direct examination on Day 7.

810 — The parties agreed that Exhibits 318, 319, and 331 were true and accurate copies of records from Ross Ulbricht's Facebook account. The portion read on Day 7 identified Exhibit 318 as a status update and Exhibit 319 as a photograph in the user-created Thailand, February 2012 album, uploaded on or about March 29, 2012.

Amigo stipulation, for which the government had proposed revisions and the defense planned further edits and negotiation — Dratel said on Day 10 that he would send amendments to the government's proposed revision and negotiate the wording, submitting any unresolved issue to the court that evening.

Disputed proposed stipulation concerning Mr. Jones, which the government declined and the court refused to compel — The defense argued that its acceptance made the government's proposed Mr. Jones stipulation binding. The court refused to compel the stipulation, stated that the material was hearsay without an agreement, and denied the defense's mistrial request.

Government Exhibit 802A — The stipulation described the testimony Shelby Richardson and Russell J. Gallis would give about eight attempted undercover Silk Road purchases between September 2011 and May 2013 and laboratory testing of the substances received. It stated that the orders were placed from and shipped to addresses in the Southern District of New York, and that all submitted substances tested positive for illegal drugs. The court received the stipulation on Day 8.

Government Exhibit 805 — The admitted stipulation stated that Canadian authorities had no record of residents named Blake Krokoff or Andrew Lawsry, or any name associated with FriendlyChemist. It also stated that authorities had no records of the specified White Rock and Surrey homicides or other evidence that anyone was physically harmed by the plans discussed by DPR and redandwhite.

Government Exhibit 806A — The stipulation described the testimony a USAA records custodian would give about the bank's regular recordkeeping and identified Exhibit 806 as a statement for Ross W. Ulbricht's account. The court received Exhibit 806A on Day 8 and confirmed that Exhibit 806 had already been received.

Government Exhibit 808A — The stipulation described the testimony a PayPal records custodian would give about regular recordkeeping and identified Exhibit 808 as subscriber information and a transaction log for Ross Ulbricht's account. The court received Exhibit 808A on Day 8 and confirmed that Exhibit 808 had previously been received.

Government Exhibit 810 — Turner read the remaining paragraph describing Exhibit 331 as Facebook messages involving Allison on February 8, 2013, with information identifying authors, recipients, sending times, deletion status, and message content. The court then received the Facebook stipulation into evidence on Day 8.

Government-proposed stipulation concerning Mr. Jones's account, which defense counsel said he would sign; government consultation remained pending — The parties disputed whether a stipulation concerning Mr. Jones's account needed language explaining his understanding of a conversation. After the court rejected admission of the account under a hearsay exception and denied a missing-witness instruction, Dratel said he would sign the government's proposal, but Turner requested consultation over the break.

Proposed stipulation awaiting consultation by government counsel — Dratel requested an answer about the stipulation before testimony began on Day 11; Turner said he needed to confer, and the court directed counsel to discuss it outside its presence.

Stipulation concerning DEA New York undercover drug purchases and positive test results — During closing argument on Day 11, Turner described a stipulation concerning more than a dozen DEA New York Field Office purchases from Silk Road between September 2011 and May 2013. He said the purchases involved heroin, cocaine, and oxycodone and all tested positive for drugs.

Stipulation read to the jury that DPR learned of the investigation in spring 2013, that the laptop contained a law enforcement counterintelligence document, that the investigation included forum administrators, moderators, and bitcoin exchanges, and that DPR paid for information — Dratel read the parties' agreement that DPR learned of the investigation in spring 2013 and that Ross Ulbricht's laptop contained a multipage document titled LE Counterintel with communications about law enforcement efforts. The agreement also stated that DPR learned the investigation included forum administrators, moderators, and bitcoin exchanges, and that DPR paid for information.

Stipulation referenced in counsel's question about Lawsry — During Brian Shaw's cross-examination on Day 10, Dratel asked whether a stipulation stated that no person named Lawsry existed. The court sustained an objection, and Shaw did not adopt that premise.

Stipulation that Dratel said the government would read concerning the absence of evidence that alleged targets existed or were harmed — In his Day 1 opening statement, Dratel said the government would read a stipulation addressing the absence of evidence that the alleged targets existed or that anyone had been harmed.

Other (5)

File of law-enforcement information that Dratel said DPR maintained — Dratel told jurors they would hear evidence that DPR paid for information about law-enforcement investigations and kept a file of information supplied to him.

Government Exhibit 1201 — The court ordered Government Exhibit 1201 taken down after an objection that it had not been admitted, and Dratel said it was not the exhibit he intended to use.

Karpeles's offer through his lawyer to provide information identifying the real DPR, which defense counsel described as an offer in return for immunity — On Day 4, the court excluded the offer as irrelevant, noting that, according to the government's proffer, Karpeles never supplied the information. Dratel argued that the offer mattered as an attempt to implicate someone else in exchange for immunity, not as proof that Karpeles possessed the information.

Report that the bitcoin forum had been hacked — The court permitted questioning only about the fact that the report indicated hacking, not whether hacking occurred; Jared Der-Yeghiayan said he did not know whether the forum had actually been hacked.

The proposed Jones handshake evidence, which the defense said was not yet in evidence — Dratel placed the proposed Jones handshake evidence in August or September 2013 and acknowledged that it was not yet in evidence.